1Preface
17813.2.1 Open-Angle Glaucoma
2Chapter - 1 General Principles of Emergency Nursing
17913.2.2 Angle Closure Glaucoma
31.1 Introduction
18013.3 Glaucoma Testing
41.2 Definition
18113.3.1 Tonometry
51.3 Golden Rules Of Emergency Nursing
18213.3.2 Gonioscopy
61.4 Questions
18313.3.3 Ophthalmoscopy
7Chapter - 2 First Principles
18413.3.4 Visual Field Test
82.1 Principles of Emergency Nursing
18513.3.5 Photography
92.2 Teamwork
18613.3.6 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
102.3 Health promotion
18713.4 Glaucoma Treatment
112.4 Injury prevention
18813.5 Glaucoma Surgery
122.5 Roles of the emergency nurse
18913.6 Cataract
132.5.1 Assessment
19013.7 Cataract Testing: 13.7.1 Wavefront Analysis
142.5.2 Planning and Managing Care
19113.8 Cataract Surgery (“Phacoemulsification”)
152.5.3 Tasks
19213.9 Retinal Diseases
162.5.4 Communication
19313.10 Retinal Testing
172.5.5 Teaching
19413.10.1 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
182.5.6 Triage
19513.10.2 Fluorescein Angiography
192.5.7 Taking Vital Signs
19613.11 Corneal Diseases
202.5.8 Administering Medicine
19713.12 Corneal Abrasion
212.5.9 Providing Treatment
19813.13 Corneal Erosion
222.5.10 Monitoring Patients
19913.14 Herpes Keratitis
232.5.11 Charting
20013.15 Keratoconus
242.5.12 Discharge
20113.16 Lid Margin Disease
252.6 Questions
20213.17 Pterygium
26Chapter - 3 Investigations
20313.18 Pingueculum
273.1 Biochemical Investigations
20413.19 Recurrent Corneal Erosion
283.2 Low urea
20513.20 Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy
293.3 Raised urea (uremia)
20613.21 Dry Eyes
303.4 Biochemical Investigations
20713.22 Conjunctivitis
313.5 Possible causes of hypermagnesaemia
20813.23 Eyelid Disorders
323.6 Possible causes of hypomagnesemia
20913.24 Entropion
333.7 Biochemical Investigations: urea and electrolytes—creatinine
21013.25 Ectropion
343.8 Biochemical Investigations: liver function tests— albumin
21113.26 Eyelid & Orbital Tumours: 13.26.1 Eyelid tumors
353.9 Biochemical Investigations: liver function tests—alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin
21213.27 Orbital Tumors
363.9.1 Alkaline Phosphatase
21313.28 Blepharitis
373.9.2 Bilirubin
21413.29 Questions
383.9.3 Possible Causes of Isolated Increases in Bilirubin Levels
215Chapter - 14 ENT Emergencies
393.9.4 Possible Causes of Elevated Conjugated Bilirubin Levels
21614.1 PRIMARY SURVEY
403.10 Biochemical Investigations: blood gases and ‘cardiac enzymes’: 3.10.1 Creatine Kinase
21714.2 PATIENTS WITH A NORMAL PRIMARY SURVEY BUT WITH OBVIOUS NEED FOR HOSPITAL ADMISSION
413.11 Biochemical Investigations: lipids and other values
21814.3 SECONDARY SURVEY
423.11.1 Lipid Profile
21914.3.1 History and Examination
433.11.2 Amylase
22014.3.2 Vital Signs
443.11.3 C-reactive Protein
22114.3.3 Investigations
453.12 Hematological Investigations
22214.4 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PRESENTING SYMPTOMS HISTORY, EXAMINATION, AND TREATMENT: 14.4.1 Nosebleed
463.12.1 Full Blood Count Testing
22314.5 SORE THROAT: 14.5.1 Non-ENT causes of sore throat
473.12.2 White Blood Cells (WBC) Testing
22414.6 SORE EARS/DISCHARGING EARS
483.12.3 Red Blood Cells (RBC) Testing
22514.6.1 Otitis Externa/Furunculosis
493.12.4 Hemoglobin Testing
22614.6.2 Otitis Media
503.12.5 Hematocrit and Platelets
22714.6.3 Perforated Tympanic Membrane
513.12.6 Mono Screening
22814.6.4 Mastoiditis
523.12.7 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Testing
22914.6.5 Ramsey Hunt Syndrome
533.12.8 Renal Profiling
23014.6.6 Non-Ent Causes of Ear Pain
543.12.9 Urinalysis
23114.7 FOREIGN BODY
553.13 Questions
23214.8 DIFFICULT/NOISY BREATHING
56Chapter - 4 Emergency Care of Infant and Child
23314.8.1 Epiglottitis
574.1 Objectives
23414.8.2 Croup
584.2 Introduction: 4.2.1 What is the Emergency Management of a Newborn Infant?
23514.8.3 Bacterial Tracheitis
594.3 The management of hypothermia
23614.8.4 Smoke Inhalation
604.3.1 How do you Measure an Infant’s Temperature?
23714.8.5 Non-ENT causes of Difficult/Noisy Breathing
614.3.2 What is the Normal Range of Body Temperature?
23814.9 VERTIGO
624.3.3 What is Hypothermia?
23914.9.1 Ménière’s Syndrome
634.3.4 Which Infants are at High Risk of Hypothermia?
24014.9.2 Vestibular Neuronitis
644.3.5 How do you Recognize an Infant with Hypothermia?
24114.9.3 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
654.3.6 What Problems are Common in Hypothermic Infants?
24214.9.4 Cerebrovascular Event
664.3.7 How do you Treat Hypothermia?
24314.9.5 Cerebellar Examination
674.3.8 What is Glucose?
24414.10 FACIAL PAIN
684.3.9 What is Hypoglycemia?
24514.10.1 Sinusitis
694.3.10 What are the Dangers of Hypoglycemia?
24614.10.2 Dental Abscess
704.3.11 Which Infants are at Risk of Developing Hypoglycemia?
24714.10.3 Non-Ent Causes of Facial Pain
714.3.12 What are the Clinical Signs of Hypoglycemia?
24814.10.4 Bells Palsy
724.3.13 How can you Diagnose Hypoglycemia?
24914.11 TRAUMA: 14.11.1 Facial Fractures
734.3.14 How can you Prevent Hypoglycemia?
25014.12 Questions
744.3.15 How should you Treat an Infant with mild Hypoglycemia?
251Chapter - 15 Major Trauma
754.4 Management of respiratory distress
25215.1 Major trauma
764.4.1 What is Respiratory Distress?
25315.2 Classification
774.4.2 What are the Important Causes of Respiratory Distress?
25415.3 Causes
784.4.3 What is Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD)?
25515.4 Pathophysiology
794.4.4 How do you Diagnose Hyaline Membrane Disease?
25615.5 Diagnosis
804.4.5 What is the Clinical Course in Hyaline Membrane Disease?
25715.5.1 Physical Examination
814.4.6 What is Wet Lung Syndrome?
25815.5.2 Imaging
824.4.7 How can you Diagnose Wet Lung Syndrome?
25915.5.3 Surgical Techniques
834.4.8 What is the Clinical Course of Wet Lung Syndrome?
26015.6 Prevention
844.4.9 What is Meconium Aspiration Syndrome?
26115.7 Management
854.4.10 How Should you manage an Infant with Respiratory Distress?
26215.7.1 Pre-hospital
864.5 The correct use of oxygen therapy
26315.7.2 Medications
874.5.1 Why does the Body Need Oxygen?
26415.7.3 Surgery
884.5.2 How do you Measure the Amount of Oxygen in the Blood?
26515.8 History: 15.8.1 Pregnancy
894.5.3 How much Oxygen is needed by the Normal Infant?
26615.9 Questions
904.5.4 When does an Infant Need Extra Oxygen?
267Chapter - 16 Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies
914.5.5 Can you give too much Oxygen?
26816.1 Endocrine hyperfunction
924.5.6 When should you give an Infant Extra Oxygen?
26916.2 Endocrine hypofunction
934.5.7 Which Infants do not need Extra Oxygen?
27016.3 Laboratory Testing for Endocrine Disorders
944.5.8 What methods can you use to Administer Oxygen?
27116.3.1 Blood Hormone Measurements
954.5.9 How can you Measure the Amount of Extra Oxygen Given?
27216.3.2 Blood Hormone Estimates
964.5.10 How much Oxygen should you give?
27316.3.3 Dynamic Tests
974.6 Transferring a newborn Infant: 4.6.1 What are the Greatest Dangers During Transfer?
27416.4 Treatment
984.7 Questions
27516.5 Aging and Endocrinology
99Chapter - 5 Obstetric Emergencies
27616.6 Metabolic disorder
1005.1 Why things may go wrong during pregnancy
27716.7 Symptoms
1015.2 What to look for – signs of an Obstetric emergency
27816.8 Causes: 16.8.1 Types
1025.3 What to do in an Obstetric emergency
27916.9 Diagnosis
1035.4 When to call an ambulance during a home birth: 5.4.1 Treatment of Emergencies During Labor
28016.10 Screening
1045.5 Questions
28116.11 Management
105Chapter - 6 Neurological Emergencies
28216.12 Question
1066.1 ABSTRACT
283Chapter - 17 Hematological Emergencies
1076.2 ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE: TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE: 6.2.1 Acute Management of Ischemic Stroke
28417.1 Types of Blood Disorders
1086.3 Questions
28517.2 Blood Disorders Affecting Red Blood Cells
109Chapter - 7 Respiratory Emergencies
28617.3 Blood Disorders Affecting White Blood Cells
1107.1 Definition
28717.4 Blood Disorders Affecting Platelets
1117.2 Overview: 7.2.1 The Respiratory System
28817.5 Blood Disorders Affecting Blood Plasma
1127.3 Questions
28917.6 Questions
113Chapter - 8 Cardiovascular Emergencies
290Chapter - 18 Overdose and Poisoning
1148.1 An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
29118.1 Overdose
1158.2 Structure and Function of the Heart Function and Location of the Heart
29218.2 Information
1168.2.1 Structure of the Heart
29318.3 Drug Overdose Treatment
1178.2.2 Chambers of the Heart
29418.3.1 Begin CPR, if Necessary
1188.2.3 Blood Vessels
29518.3.2 Contact Poison Control
1198.2.4 Valves
29618.3.3 Collect Drug or Pills
1208.2.5 What is the Cardiovascular System?
29718.3.4 Follow Up
1218.2.6 What is the Cardiac Cycle?
29818.3.5 What Are the Types of Poisoning?
1228.3 Questions
29918.3.6 Symptoms of Poisoning
123Chapter - 9 Musculoskeletal Injuries
30018.3.7 Poisoning Facts
1249.1 Bones
30118.3.8 What Are the Types of Poisoning?
1259.2 Bone structure
30218.3.9 Delayed Onset of Poisoning Symptoms
1269.2.1 Bone Development and Growth
30318.3.10 How Is Poisoning Diagnosed?
1279.2.2 Bone Growth “Factoids.”
30418.3.11 What Is the Treatment for Poisoning?
1289.3 Definition of Musculoskeletal Disorder
30518.3.12 What Is Medical Treatment Poisoning?
1299.4 The Cause of Musculoskeletal Disorders – Exposure to Risk Factors
30618.4 Questions
1309.5 Questions
307Chapter - 19 Mental Health Emergencies
131Chapter - 10 Gastrointestinal System
30819.1 Overview
13210.1 Introduction to the gastrointestinal system
30919.2 Symptoms: 19.2.1 When To See a Doctor
13310.2 Basic structure
31019.3 Causes
13410.2.1 Mucosa
31119.4 Risk factors
13510.2.2 Submucosa
31219.5 Complications
13610.2.3 Muscularis External
31319.6 Prevention
13710.2.4 Serosa/mesentery
31419.7 Questions
13810.3 Individual components of the gastrointestinal system
315Chapter - 20 Emergencies in Older Patients
13910.3.1 Oral Cavity
31620.1 Introduction
14010.3.2 Salivary Glands
31720.2 COMMUNITY SYSTEMS FOR THE CARE OF OLDER PEOPLE
14110.3.3 Esophagus
31820.3 PRIMARY SURVEY POSITIVE PATIENTS
14210.3.4 Stomach
31920.4 PRIMARY SURVEY NEGATIVE PATIENTS
14310.3.5 Small Intestine
32020.4.1 The Severity of The Medical Problem
14410.3.6 Large Intestine
32120.4.2 Cognitive status of the Patient
14510.3.7 Liver
32220.4.3 Social Circumstances
14610.3.8 Gall bladder
32320.4.4 Health and Social Care Services
14710.3.9 Pancreas
32420.5 NON-SPECIFIC PRESENTATIONS OF ILLNESS IN OLDER PATIENTS
14810.4 Gastrointestinal Emergency Signs and Symptoms
32520.6 SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION–HISTORY
14910.5 Questions
32620.7 COMMUNITY SYSTEMS FOR THE CARE OF OLDER PEOPLE
150Chapter - 11 Genitourinary Emergencies
32720.8 PRIMARY SURVEY POSITIVE PATIENTS
15111.1 Overview
32820.9 PRIMARY SURVEY NEGATIVE PATIENTS
15211.2 History
32920.9.1 The Severity of The Medical Problem
15311.2.1 Pain
33020.9.2 Cognitive Status of The Patient
15411.2.2 Voiding Symptoms
33120.9.3 Social Circumstances
15511.2.3 Hematuria
33220.9.4 Tip
15611.2.4 Erectile Dysfunction
33320.9.5 Health and Social Care Services
15711.3 Physical Examination
33420.10 NON-SPECIFIC PRESENTATIONS OF ILLNESS IN OLDER PATIENTS
15811.3.1 External Genitalia
33520.11 SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION–HISTORY
15911.3.2 Instruments Needed for Examining the Male Genitourinary System
33620.12 TESTS
16011.3.3 Prostate
33720.13 MANAGEMENT PLAN
16111.3.4 Renal Colic
33820.14 TREAT AND LEAVE/REVIEW
16211.3.5 Urinary Tract
33920.15 TREAT AND REFER
16311.4 What causes problems in the urinary system?
34020.16 TREAT AND TRANSFER
16411.5 Questions
34120.17 Questions
165Chapter - 12 Skin Emergencies
342Chapter - 21 Skills Reminder
16612.1 Introduction
34321.1 Introduction
16712.1.1 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms
34421.2 What does an ER nurse do?
16812.1.2 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
34521.3 What does an ICU nurse do?
16912.1.3 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
34621.3.1 Work Flow
17012.1.4 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
34721.3.2 Organization (or lack thereof)
17112.1.5 Sèzary Syndrome
34821.3.3 Goals of Care
17212.1.6 Necrotizing Fasciitis
34921.3.4 Personality Types
17312.1.7 Meningococcemia
35021.4 Questions
17412.2 Questions
351Appendix
175Chapter - 13 Ophthalmological Emergencies
352Glossary
17613.1 Glaucoma
353Index
17713.2 Types of Glaucoma
