1Preface
1527.9.2 Empirical Models
2Chapter 1. Introduction
1537.9.3 Population Models
31.1 What is climate change?: 1.1.1 The Main Indicators of Climate Change
1547.9.4 Simulation Models
41.2 Causes of Climate Change
1557.10 Adaptation and Mitigation
51.2.1 Natural Causes
1567.10.1 Enhanced Surveillance
61.2.2 Human Causes
1577.10.2 Enhanced Research and Development
71.2.3 Biggest Threats of Climate Change
1587.10.3 Enhanced Public and Professional Awareness
81.3 Impacts of Climate Change
1597.10.4 Integrated and Adaptive Policy
91.4 Food Security and Climate Change
1607.10.5 Transgenic Disease-Resistant Varieties
101.4.1 Food Security
1617.11 Summary
111.4.2 Green Economy
1627.12 Questions
121.4.3 Ensuring Food Security
1637.13 References
131.5 Climate-Resilient Agriculture
164Chapter 8. Climate Change Adaption
141.6 Climate Change Adaptation
1658.1 Improved Crop Seeds, Livestock, and Fish Cultures
151.7 Summary
1668.1.1 Key Issues
161.8 Questions
1678.1.2 Advantages
171.9 References
1688.1.3 Disadvantages
18Chapter 2. Causes Of Climate Change
1698.1.4 Developing Climate-Ready Crops
192.1 Natural Causes
1708.1.5 Drought-Tolerant Varieties
202.1.1 Continental Drift
1718.1.6 Promoting Use of Biotechnology
212.1.2 Volcanoes
1728.1.7 Interventions
222.1.3 The Earth’s Tilt
173Research and Development
232.1.4 Ocean Currents
174Technologies and Practices
242.2 Human Causes
1758.2 Crop Production Adaptation
252.3 Greenhouse Gases
1768.2.1 Key Issues
262.3.1 Water Vapor
1778.2.2 Cultural Practices
272.3.2 2.3.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1788.2.3 Land Management
282.3.3 Methane (CH4)
1798.2.4 Conservation Tillage
292.3.4 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
180Advantages
302.3.5 Chlorofl Uorocarbons (CFCs)
181Disadvantages
312.4 Summary
1828.2.5 Adjusting Cropping Season
322.5 Questions
1838.2.6 Efficient Use of Resources
332.6 References
1848.2.7 Crop Diversification
34Chapter 3. Agriculture As A Source of GHG’s
1858.2.8 Relocation of Crops in Alternative Areas
353.1 Global Agricultural Emissions
1868.2.9 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
363.2 Emissions by Agricultural Source
187Advantages
373.2.1 Land Use
188Disadvantages
38Direct Anthropogenic Changes
1898.2.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
39Indirect Changes
1908.2.11 Harnessing Indigenous Technical Knowledge of Farmers
403.2.2 Agricultural Soils (N2O): Inventory of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Managed Soils
1918.2.12 Interventions
413.2.3 Enteric Fermentation (CH4)
192Research and Development
423.2.4 Rice Cultivation (CH4) : Inventory of Methane Emission from Rice Fields
193Technologies and Practices
433.2.5 Manure Management (CH4, N2O)
1948.3 Water Adaptation
443.2.6 Other Agriculture Sources of Non-CO2 Emissions (CH4, N2O)
1958.3.1 Key Issues
453.2.7 Deforestation Emissions
1968.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting
463.2.8 Emissions from Production of Biofuels
197Ground-Surface
473.2.9 Biomass Burning
198Rock Surface
483.3 Emission Trends (Global and Regional)
199Advantages
493.3.1 Key Messages
200Disadvantages
503.3.2 Food System Emissions
2018.3.3 Sprinkler Irrigation
513.3.3 Livestock Emissions
202Advantages
523.3.4 Direct Agricultural Emissions
203Disadvantages
533.3.5 Trends Since 1990
2048.3.4 Drip Irrigation
543.3.6 Future Global Trends
205Advantages
553.3.7 Regional Trends
206Disadvantages
563.4 Summary
2078.3.5 Fog Harvesting
573.5 Questions
208Advantages
583.6 References
209Disadvantages
59Chapter 4. Impacts Of Climate Change On Agriculture
2108.3.6 Interventions
604.1 Projections
211Research and Development
614.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enrichment
212Technologies and Good Practices
624.2.1 Impact on Photosynthesis
2138.4 Agroforestry (Adaptation)
634.2.2 Impact on Water Use by Plants
2148.4.1 Advantages
644.2.3 Physiological Effects of CO2
2158.4.2 Disadvantages
654.2.4 CO2 Fertilization
2168.4.3 Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems
664.2.5 Effect on Yield
2178.5 Ecological Pest Management
674.3 Elevated Temperatures
2188.5.1 Key Issues
684.3.1 Interactions with Thermal Regimes
2198.5.2 Crop Management
694.3.2 Crops and Temperature
2208.5.3 Soil Management
704.3.3 Effects on Growth Rates
2218.5.4 Pest Management
714.3.4 Effects on Growing Seasons
2228.5.5 Advantages
724.3.5 Reduction in Crop Yield
2238.5.6 Disadvantages
734.3.6 Effects on Moisture Availability
2248.6 Energy Adaptation
744.3.7 Effects on Livestock
2258.7 Early Warning Systems
754.4 Varying Precipitation Patterns : 4.4.1 Changes in Hydrological Regimes and Shifts in Precipitation Patterns
2268.7.1 Advantages
764.5 Soil Fertility and Erosion
2278.7.2 Disadvantages
774.5.1 Soils
2288.8 Crop Insurance Schemes
784.5.2 Erosion and Fertility
2298.8.1 Key Issues
794.5.3 Salinity
2308.8.2 Interventions
804.6 Extreme Weather Events
231Research and Development
814.6.1 Extreme Temperatures
232Technologies and Practices
824.6.2 Drought
2338.9 Livelihood Diversification
834.6.3 Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
2348.9.1 Key Issues
844.6.4 Tropical Storms
2358.9.2 Interventions
854.7 Livestock Production
236Research and Development
864.8 Fisheries and Aquaculture : 4.8.1 Predicted Changes in Fisheries Catch Potential During 2005–2055 Under a Higher GHG Emissions Scenario
237Technologies and Practices
874.9 Pests, Diseases, and Weeds
2388.10 Access to Information
884.10 UV-B Radiation
2398.10.1 Key Issues
894.10.1 UV-B Effects
2408.10.2 Interventions
904.10.2 Ozone
241Research and Development
914.11 Crop Yields and Quality
242Technologies and Practices
924.11.1 Crop Yields
2438.11 Credit Support
934.11.2 Quality
2448.11.1 Key Issues
944.12 Sea-Level Rise
2458.11.2 Interventions
954.13 Increasing Ocean Acidification
246Research and Development
964.14 Glacier Retreat and Disappearance : 4.14.1 Changes in Water Availability
247Technologies and Practices
974.15 ENSO Effects on Agriculture
2488.12 Markets
984.16 Climate Change Impacts on Food Security : 4.16.1 Food Insecurity Hotspots
2498.12.1 Key Issues
994.17 Summary
2508.12.2 Interventions
1004.18 Questions
251Research and Development
1014.19 References
252Technologies and Practices
102Chapter 5. Impacts On Crop Protection
2538.13 Adaptation Priorities and Opportunities : 8.13.1 Potential Adaptation Options in Indian Agriculture
1035.1 Weeds
2548.14 Summary
1045.2 Insect Pests
2558.15 Questions
1055.3 Plant Diseases
2568.16 References
1065.4 Nematodes
257Chapter 9. Climate Change Mitigation
1075.5 Adaptation and Mitigation
2589.1 Crop management
1085.6 Summary
2599.1.1 Agronomy
1095.7 Questions
260Crop Varieties with Enhanced Carbon Sequestration
1105.8 References
261Advantages
111Chapter 6. Impacts on Insect and Mite Pests
262Disadvantages
1126.1 Crop Losses
263Advantages
1136.2 Climate Change and Insect Pests
264Disadvantages
1146.3 Elevated Temperatures
2659.1.2 Nutrient Management
1156.4 CO2 Enrichment : 6.4.1 Spider Mites
266Nitrogenous Fertilizers
1166.5 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
267Nitrous oxide mitigation in organic agriculture:
1176.6 Changes in Phenology
268Mitigation using nitrification inhibitors:
1186.7 Varying Precipitation Patterns
269Slow-release fertilizer application and manipulation technologies:
1196.8 Increased Overwintering Survival
270Nitrogen management technology:
1206.9 Natural Enemies
271Advantages
1216.9.1 Pathogens
272Disadvantages
1226.9.2 Parasitoids
273Interventions
1236.9.3 Predators
274Mycorrhiza
1246.10 Breakdown of Host Plant Resistance
275Advantages
1256.11 Pest Population Dynamics and Outbreaks
276Disadvantages
1266.12 Crop–Pest Interactions
2779.2 Summary
1276.13 Modeling Approaches
2789.3 Questions
1286.13.1 InfoCrop Models
2799.4 References
1296.13.2 Climate Matching
280Glossary
1306.14 Summary
281Index
1316.15 Questions
282A
1326.16 References
283B
133Chapter 7. Impacts On Plant Pathogens
284C
1347.1 Crop Losses
285D
1357.2 Climate Change and Plant Disease
286E
1367.3 CO2 Enrichment
287F
1377.4 Elevated Temperatures
288G
1387.5 Varying Precipitation
289H
1397.6 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
290I
1407.7 Elevated Levels of Atmospheric Pollutants
291L
1417.7.1 Ozone
292M
1427.7.2 Acid Rain
293N
1437.7.3 Elevated Ultraviolet-B
294O
1447.8 Disease Management
295P
1457.8.1 Host Resistance
296Q
1467.8.2 Chemical Control
297R
1477.8.3 Biological Control
298S
1487.8.4 Microbial Interactions
299T
1497.8.5 Quarantine and Exclusion
300U
1507.9 Impact Models
301V
1517.9.1 Climate Matching
302W
