1Preface
262Diseases caused by viruses
2Chapter 1. Coffee: Cultivation and Processing Technology
263Diseases associated with nutritional deficiencies
31.1 Basics of Coffee
2644.3.1 Pest and Disease Management
41.1.1 Botanical Classification
2654.4 Modern production and use
5Coffea Arabica — C. Arabica
266Papaver somniferum
6Coffea canephora — C. canephora var. Robusta: Variety: Robusta
2674.4.1 Harvesting And Processing
71.1.2 The Anatomy of a Coffee Cherry
2684.4.2 Consumption
81.1.3 History of Coffee
2694.5 Self-Assessment
9The Arabian Peninsula
270Chapter 5. Rubber: Processing and Technology
10Coffee Comes to Europe
2715.1 Concept of Rubber
11The New World
2725.1.1 Origin and Distribution
12Plantations around the World
2735.1.2 Brief History of Rubber
13Coming to the Americas
2745.1.3 Rubber Plant
141.1.4 Types of Coffee
2755.1.4 Environmental Impacts of Production
15Types of Beans
276Habitat Conversion
16Significant Geographical Distinctions
277Pollution from Processing Rubber
17Roasting Techniques
2785.2 Land Preparation in Rubber Plantation
18Bean Purchase Options
2795.2.1 Field Selection
191.1.5 Structure
280Availability of water
201.1.6 Ways to Prepare
281Soil depth
21Instant Varieties
282Soil quality
22Beverage Combinations
283Soil salinity or acidity
231.1.7 Coffee Plantation
2845.2.2 Physical Land Preparation
241.2 Coffee Cultivation
285Mechanical field preparation
25What Plants Need: The Essentials for Life
286Irrigation system installation
261.2.1 Climate
287Soil improvement
27Temperature
288Organic material
28Rainfall
289Salinity
29Other Climatic Hazards
290Whole preparation
301.2.2 Adequate Growing Conditions: Site Choice
2915.3 Propagation of Rubber Tree Plants
311.2.3 Adequate Water: Transpiration, Irrigation, and/or Soil Management
2925.3.1 Seeds
321.2.4 Adequate Sun: Shade Management
2935.3.2 Budding
331.2.5 Adequate Nutrients: Soil Management
2945.3.3 Air Layering Propagation
341.2.6 Adequate Stimulation: Spacing and Pruning
2955.3.4 Propagating a Rubber Tree Cutting
351.2.7 Economic Condition
2965.4 Planting operation
36Labor
2975.4.1 Plant Spacing
37Capital
2985.4.2 Time Of Planting
38Transport
2995.4.3 Transplanting Stage
39Markets
3005.4.4 Planting Time And Depth
401.3 Common Coffee Pests & Diseases
3015.4.5 Basin Preparation
411.3.1 Causes Diseases & Attracts Pests
3025.4.6 Mulching
42Genetics
3035.4.7 Irrigation
43Environmental Conditions
3045.4.8 Protection
44Crop Management
3055.4.9 Aftercare
45Economics
3065.5 Fertilization requirements
461.3.2 Common Coffee Pests
3075.5.1 Functions Of Nutrient Elements And Their Availability In Relation To Soil Conditions
47Coffee Berry Borer
308Soil pH
48Coffee Leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella)
309Nitrogen
49Coffee Yield Loss Due to Coffee Leaf Miner
310Phosphorus
50The Life Cycle of the Coffee Leaf Miner
311Potassium
51Leaf Miner and Coffee Plant Interactions
312Boron
52Mealybugs
313Soil texture
53Nematodes
3145.5.2 Nutrients Lost Through Date Palm Plants
541.3.3 Common Coffee Diseases
3155.5.3 Micronutrients
55Coffee Leaf Rust
3165.5.4 Fertilization At Field Planting
56Coffee Wilt
3175.6 Pests and Diseases of the Rubber Tree
57Pink Disease
318Southern Blight
581.3.4 Preventing Of Pests & Diseases
319Crown Gall
59Pruning & Hygiene
320Xanthomonas Leaf Spot
60Monitoring
321Mealybugs
611.4 Harvesting of Coffee
322Thrips
621.4.1 Mechanical Harvesting
323Corynespora leaf fall
631.4.2 Selective Harvesting
324Breeding for resistance
641.4.3 Strip Harvesting
325Other new diseases that have been spreading
651.5 Post-harvest operations and their impact on coffee quality
3265.6.1 Plant Protection
661.5.1 Coffee Processing Methods
3275.6.2 Control of Pests and Diseases
67Wet Process
3285.7 Tapping and Processing of rubber tree: 5.7.1 Processing Of Rubber
68Dry Processing
3295.8 Self-Assessment
69Pulped Natural / Semi Dry / Honey Process
330Chapter 6. Sugarcane Crop Production Techniques
70Wet Hulled / Semi Washed
3316.1 Basics of Sugarcane
71Aquapulp Coffee Processing
3326.1.1 Origin and History of Sugar Cane
721.5.2 Drying
3336.1.2 Taxonomy of sugarcane
73Sun (natural) drying
334Centres of origin
74Mechanical driers
335Centres of diversity
751.5.3 Hulling And Sorting
336Saccharum species and their origin
761.5.4 Storage
337Saccharum spontaneum L. (2n = 40-128).
771.5.5 Roasting, Grinding, And Drewing
338Saccharum barberi (2n = 81-124)
78Light roast
339Saccharum sinense (2n = 111-120)
79Medium roast
3406.1.3 History of Sugarcane: Breeding for effective utilization of sunlight throughout the year
80Medium-dark roast
3416.1.4 Land Preparation
81Dark roast
342Green manure
821.6 Self-Assessment
343Organic manure
83Chapter 2. Jute and Mesta Crop Production
3446.2 Sugarcane cultivation
842.1 Basics of Jute
345Season
852.1.1 Uses of Jute
346Climate
862.1.2 Jute Leaves
347Temperature
87Climate for Jute Cultivation
348Rainfall
88Soil Required for Jute Cultivation
349Humidity
89Sowing of jute
350Sunshine
90Land Preparation in Jute Cultivation
351Frost
91Best Months for Jute Cultivation and Processing of Jute
352Wind
92Irrigation in Jute Cultivation
3536.3 Morphology of the Sugar Cane Plant
93Weed Control in Jute Cultivation
3546.3.1 The Root
942.1.3 Processing of Jute Cultivation
3556.3.2 The Anatomy Of The Root System
952.1.4 Harvesting of Jute
3566.3.3 Stem/Stalk
96Retting
3576.3.4 Leaf
97Extraction of fiber
3586.3.5 Inflorescence
982.1.5 Advantages Of Different Retting Processes
3596.4 Ecology of Sugarcane
992.1.6 Disadvantages Of Different Retting Processes
3606.4.1 Climate
100Fiber quality
361Rainfall
101Retting process time
362Temperature
102Impact on environment
3636.4.2 Soils
103Impact on fish cultivation
3646.4.3 Sunlight
104Uncontrolled process
3656.4.4 Photoperiod
1052.2 Mesta
3666.5 Sugarcane Varieties
1062.2.1 Climate, Soils and Tillage of Mesta
3676.5.1 Objectives Of Sugarcane Breeding
1072.2.2 Seeds and Seeding of Mesta
3686.5.2 Choice of Varieties
1082.2.3 Nutrient Management for Mesta
369Characters for Selection in Sugarcane
1092.2.4 Weed Management for Mesta
370Brix percentage cane
1102.2.5 Harvesting, Retting and Extraction of Mesta
371Pol percentage cane
1112.3 Self-Assessment
372Fiber percentage cane
112Chapter 3. Oilseeds
373Purity percentage cane
1133.1 Groundnut
3746.5.3 Suitability Of Varieties To Different Agro-Climatic Zones
1143.1.1 Suitable Soil For Growing Groundnuts
375Agronomic characteristics
1153.1.2 Crop rotation of Groundnut
376Disease and pest resistance/susceptibility
1163.1.3 Application of Manures and Fertilizers of Groundnut
377Lodging
117Manure Application in Groundnut production
378Flowering
118Fertilizers Application of Groundnut crop
379Phytotoxicity of sugarcane to herbicides
1193.1.4 Sowing Preparation of Groundnut
380Irrigation
120Plot design
381Harvesting cycle – time of year
121Initial steps
382Age at time of harvest
122How to select the groundnut seed
383Ripening and drying off of sugarcane
123The seed treatment procedure of groundnut
3846.6 Seed cane Nurseries
124The seed rate and spacing of groundnut
3856.6.1 Sugarcane Is Vulnerable To Diseases Due To Several Characteristics Of Its Agriculture
125Seed packets
3866.6.2 Seedcane Multiplication
1263.1.5 Sowing Procedure Of Groundnut
3876.6.3 Establishment Of Seedcane Nurseries
1273.1.6 Irrigation Requirement For Groundnut Production
388A - Nurseries
1283.1.7 How To Control Weeds In Groundnut Crop
389B - Nursery
1293.1.8 How And When To Harvest Groundnut Crop: How to store the harvested Groundnut
3906.6.4 Nursery Management
1303.2 Gingelly
3916.6.5 Planting: Time of planting
1313.2.1 Origins And History
3926.7 Sugarcane Ripening
1323.2.2 Field Selection
3936.7.1 Cultivar Characteristics
133Temperature Requirements
3946.7.2 Soil Moisture
134Soil Requirements
3956.7.3 Chemical Ripeners
135Climate
396Groups of Chemical Ripeners
136Herbicide Residues
397Hormonal ripeners
137Rotations
398Non-hormonal ripeners
1383.2.3 Land Preparation
399Glyphosate
139Row versus drill planting, row spacing, and patterns
400Ethephon
140Raised Bed Planting
401Fusilade
141No-till and Strip-till
402Moddus
142Conventional Tillage
4036.7.4 Methods of Ripener Application
1433.2.4 Planting Sesame
404Aerial applications
144Planting Concept
405Ground applications by knapsack: Tractor mounted rigs
145Row Unit Attachments
4066.7.5 Factors Influencing Crop Response to Chemical Ripeners
146Planting Seed Metering Equipment
407Spray to harvest intervals and rates of chemical ripeners
147Dry Planting
408Agronomic factors
148Buster Planting
409Lodging
149Planting Rates
410Management implications.
1503.2.5 Sowing Sesame Methods
4116.7.6 Pest And Disease Infected Crops
151Hand planting
4126.7.7 Practical Assessment of Response to Chemical Ripening
152Mechanically planting
413Sampling for testing for effectiveness of ripeners
153Mechanically by hand operator seeder/ Manual planter
414Good management practices for beneficial chemical ripeners
154Mechanically by tractor-operated drills
4156.8 Harvesting of sugarcane
1553.2.6 Weed Control
4166.8.1 Sugarcane Harvesting Preparation
1563.2.7 Irrigation in Sesame Farming
417Burnt cane harvesting
1573.2.8 Fertility Management
418Types of harvesting
1583.2.9 Pests and Diseases in Sesame Farming
419Manual Harvesting
1593.2.10 Harvesting of Sesame Seed
420Mechanical Harvesting
1603.3 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
4216.8.2 Sugarcane Post Harvesting System
1613.3.1 Origin and History
422Transport
1623.3.2 Characteristics
423Washing
1633.3.3 Cultivation of Sunflower Crop: Crop rotation in Sunflower Production
424Milling
1643.3.4 Sowing of Sunflower Crop
425Filtering and Settling
1653.3.5 Growing & Caring for Sunflowers
426Preparation and cleaning of the juice
166Water
427Concentration and Cooling
167Fertilize
428Special Safety Cares
168Control Weeds
429Quality Control: Raw material quality attributes
169Manage Pests and Disease
4306.9 Self-Assessment
1703.3.6 Harvesting Sunflower Seeds
431Chapter 7. Tea Production Technology
171Beat the Birds
4327.1 Basics of Tea Crops
172Don’t Rush Things
433How does Camellia sinensis become the name?
173Remove the Seeds
4347.1.1 History of the Tea Trade: How does the scientific name of tea plant become Camellia sinensis?
174Store for Flavor
4357.2 Tea Plantation
1753.3.7 Post-harvesting losses of Sunflower Crop
4367.2.1 Soil For Tea
1763.3.8 Types of Sunflowers
4377.2.2 Land Features: Plant and Soil Indicators
1773.4 Mustard (Brassica sp.)
4387.2.3 Growing Tea From Seed
1783.4.1 Origin and History
439Propagation of tea seeds
1793.4.2 Different Types of Mustard
440Source of Seed
1803.4.3 Mustard Seed
441Selection of Nursery Site: Bed Preparation
1813.4.4 Land Selection
442Nursery Shade
1823.4.5 Seed Selection And Sowing
443Germination of seeds and Sowing
183Time of sowing
444Sowing
184Spacing
445Sleeve nursery
185Sowing Depth
446Cultural Practices
186Method of sowing
447Preparation of Cuttings
1873.4.6 Basic Requirements
448Time of Propagation
188Climatic requirements
449Planting the cutting: Transfer to sleeve
189Soil Requirements
450Nursery Shade in V.P Nursery
190Irrigation
451Nutrient and water management
191Roguing
4527.2.4 Land Preparation in Virgin Land
1923.4.7 Preparation of Land in Mustard Farming
453Soil Rehabilitation
193Propagation
454Soil Rehabilitation Crops
194General care and maintenance
455Growing of Soil Rehabilitation Crop
1953.4.8 Harvesting
4567.2.5 Age and Size of Plants
1963.5 Linseed
4577.2.6 Planting Time
1973.5.1 Season
4587.2.7 Manuring At The Time Of Planting And After Care: After Care
1983.5.2 Climate And Soil
4597.3 Plucking System
1993.5.3 Varieties
4607.3.1 Tipping: Tipping Height
2003.5.4 Cultivation
4617.3.2 Maintenance Foliage- its Significance
2013.5.5 Land Preparation: Seeds and sowing
4627.3.3 Standard of Plucking
2023.5.6 Sowing
4637.3.4 Plucking Round
203Fertilizer
4647.3.5 Mechanical Plucking
204Pests and diseases
4657.4 Climate
205Plant protection: Control measures
4667.4.1 Rainfall
2063.5.7 Weed Management
4677.4.2 Air Temperature
2073.5.8 Water Management
4687.4.3 Relative Humidity
2083.5.9 Harvesting And Yield
4697.4.4 Day Length
2093.6 Castor
4707.4.5 Wind Velocity
2103.6.1 Castor Cultivation
4717.5 Tea Production Process
211Climate Required for Castor Cultivation
4727.5.1 White Tea
212Soil Requirement for Castor Cultivation
473Step 1: Withering
213Land Preparation for Castor Cultivation
474Step 2: Drying
214Seed Treatment in Castor Cultivation
4757.5.2 Green Tea
215Propagation, Sowing in Castor Cultivation
476Step 1: Steaming/Roasting
216Gap Filling in Castor Cultivation
477Step 2: Rolling
217Irrigation in Castor Cultivation
478Step 3: Drying
218Weed Management in Castor Cultivation
4797.5.3 Oolong Tea
219Inter-crop in Castor Cultivation
480Step 1: Withering
220Manures and Fertilizers in Castor Cultivation
481Step 2: Rolling
2213.6.2 Pests and Diseases in Castor Cultivation
482Step 3: Oxidation
2223.6.3 Harvest in Castor Cultivation
483Step 4: Drying
2233.7 Oil Palm
4847.5.4 Yellow Tea
2243.7.1 Sustainable Palm Oil
485Step 1: Withering
2253.7.2 Oil Palm Crop
486Step 2: Drying
226Varieties of Oil Palm
487Step 3: Yellowing
227Climate Requirement for Oil Palm Cultivation
488Step 4: Shaping and Drying
228Soil Requirement for Oil Palm Cultivation
4897.5.5 Black Tea
229Propagation in Oil Palm Cultivation
490Step 1: Withering
230Land Preparation, Spacing and Planting in Oil Palm Cultivation
491Step 2: Rolling
231Intercropping in Oil Palm Cultivation
492Step 3: Oxidization
232Irrigation in Oil Palm Cultivation
493Step 4: Drying
233Drip irrigation or Micro sprinklers
4947.5.6 Pu-erh
234Basin Method of Irrigation
495Step 1: Withering
235Mulching in Oil Palm Cultivation
496Step 2: Roasting, Shaping
236Pollination in Oil Palm Cultivation
497Step 3: Fermentation
237Weed Control in Oil Palm Cultivation
498Step 4: Pressing
238Flowering and Ablation in Oil Palm Cultivation
4997.6 Self-Assessment
239Basin Management in Oil Palm Cultivation
500Glossary
240Manures and Fertilizers in Oil Palm Cultivation
501References
2413.7.3 Pests and Diseases in Oil Palm Cultivation
502Index
2423.7.4 Harvesting in Oil Palm Cultivation
503A
2433.8 Self-Assessment
504B
244Chapter 4. Opium Poppy: Basics and Production Techniques
505C
2454.1 Basics of Opium Poppy
506D
2464.1.1 Origins of Opium
507E
2474.1.2 A History of Opium
508F
2484.1.3 Morphine
509G
2494.1.4 Plant Cultivation
510H
2504.1.5 Basic Conditions of Cultivation
511I
251Climate
512J
252Soil: Soil Preparation
513L
253The Fruit
514M
254The Seed
515N
255Water
516O
2564.1.6 Chemical And Physiological Properties
517P
2574.2 Processes of Plant Cultivation and Collecting Opium: 4.2.1 Advantages and Risks of Cultivation
518R
2584.3 Diseases affecting the Opium Plant
519S
259Fungal diseases
520T
260Seed Borne disease
521W
261Diseases caused by bacteria
522X
