1Preface
1714.3.1 Plant Water Relation as an Osmotic System
2Chapter 1. Introduction to Climate-Smart Agriculture
172Permeability
31.1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS CAUSES
173Plasmolysis
41.1.1 Factors of Climate Change
174Turgor Pressure
5Atmosphere (air)
175Water Potential
6Biosphere (living things)
176Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD)
7Cryosphere (ice and permafrost)
1774.3.2 Plasmolysis, Endosmosis and Turgidity: Imbibition
8Hydrosphere (water)
1784.4 ABSORPTION OF WATER
9Lithosphere (earth’s crust and upper mantle): How the Lithosphere Interacts with Other Spheres
1794.4.1 Structures involved in Absorption
101.1.2 Causes of Climate Change
1804.4.2 Translocation of Water or Ascent of Sap
11Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect
1814.4.3 Absorption of Mineral Nutrients
12Human causes of climate change
1824.4.4 Translocation of Minerals: Translocation of inorganic solutes
13Natural changes to the climate
1834.5 EVALUATION OF WATER LOSS
14Natural causes
1844.5.1 Guttation: Mechanism of Guttation
15Continental drift
1854.6 TRANSPIRATION PROCESS
16Volcanoes
1864.6.1 Stomatal Transpiration
17The earth’s tilt
1874.6.2 General Mechanism of Stomatal Transpiration: The mechanism of opening and closing of the stomata:
18Ocean currents
1884.6.3 Mechanism and Theories: Factors
191.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE
1894.6.4 Good Effects of Transpiration
201.2.1 Conceptual Approaches
1904.7 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
211.2.2 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture
1915 Climate-Smart Soil and Land Management
221.2.3 Climate Change and Food Security: Causes of global food insecurity
1925.1 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOIL AND ITS QUALITY
231.2.4 Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
193Soil fertility
24Fossil Fuel Use and Alternative Energy Projects for Farmers
194Organic matter
25Solar Energy on Farms
195Soil texture
26Using Wind Power
196Compaction
271.2.5 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Measures
197Water holding capacity
281.3 FOOD SYSTEM CONTRIBUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
198Soil biological activity
291.3.1 Impacts of Food Systems on Climate Change
199Soil conservation
30Preproduction Activities
2005.1.1 The Soil Profile
31Fertilizers
201Soil horizons
32Animal feed
202Pedons and Polypedons
33Production Activities
2035.1.2 Soil Ecosystems
34Direct emissions
204Ecological Cycling
35Indirect emissions
205Ecosystem Services
36Total agricultural emissions and regional variation
2065.1.3 Soil Behavior
37Postproduction Activities
207Physical Characteristics
38Processing
208Grain size and porosity: Water runoff
39Packaging
209Chemical Characteristics
40Transportation
210Mineral content
41Refrigeration
211Organic content
42Retail activities
212Biological phenomena
43Catering and domestic food management
2135.2 SOIL FORMATION
44Consumer waste
214Physical Disintegration: Chemical Disintegration
451.3.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Systems
2155.2.1 Process of Soil Formation
46Production Activities
2165.2.2 Factors That Affect Soil Formation
47Crops
2175.2.3 Types of Soil
48Livestock
2185.2.4 Importance of Soil to Agriculture
49Fisheries
2195.3 CHEMISTRY OF SOIL ACIDITY
50Food safety
2205.3.1 Causes of Soil Acidity
51Overall agricultural systems
2215.3.2 Effects of Soil Acidity on Crop Production
52Postproduction Activities
222Soluble metal toxicity
53Harvests
223Effect on phosphorus availability
54Storage
224Micronutrient availability
55Transportation
225Soil organisms
56Marketing, retail, and consumption
226Soil physical condition
57Broader Effects on Food Systems and Food Security
227Disease
581.4 CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA): AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
2285.3.3 Soil Testing and Sampling
591.4.1 The Three Pillars of CSA
2295.3.4 Aglime
601.4.2 Elements of Climate-Smart Agriculture
230Aglime materials
611.4.3 Implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture
231Aglime quality
621.4.4 Achieving the Triple Win of CSA
232Chemical Purity
631.4.5 Climate-Smart Agriculture and the World Bank Group
233Speed of Reaction
641.4.6 Key Characteristics of CSA
234Calcium and Magnesium Content
651.5 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
235Moisture
66Chapter 2. Climate-Smart Crop Production
2365.3.5 Soil Test Aglime Recommendations
672.1 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION
2375.4 SOIL AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE
682.1.1 Need for Adaptation to Climate Change
2385.4.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Soil and Land Resources
69Increased Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide
2395.4.2 The Impacts of Soil and Land resources on Climate Change
70Temperature alterations
2405.4.3 Preventing and Mitigating Land Degradation
71Changes in Precipitation Regimes
2415.4.4 Controlling Soil Erosion
72Pests
2425.4.5 Managing Soil Organic Matter for Soil Carbon Sequestration
732.1.2 The Need for Mitigation
2435.4.6 Improving Water use and Management in Agriculture
742.2 CLIMATE-SMART CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
2445.5 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
752.2.1 Rice Systems
245Chapter 6. Climate Change Impacts on Plant Pathogens and Diseases
762.2.2 Horticultural Systems, Orchards and Plantations
2466.1 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON PLANT PATHOGENS
77Protected Cultivation
2476.1.1 Effects of Climate Change on Pathogens
78Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture
2486.1.2 Effects of Climate Change on Host Plants and on Plant-Pathogen Interactions
79Orchards and plantations
2496.1.3 Complexity of Predicting the effect of Climate Change on a Pathogen
802.2.3 Management of Soil
2506.1.4 Changes that have Already Occurred
812.2.4 Management of Land
2516.1.5 Potential Effect of Climate Change on Microbial Interactions
822.2.5 Pests Management
2526.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF PLANT DISEASE
832.2.6 Water Management
2536.2.1 Nature of Plant Diseases: Diseases—a normal part of nature
842.2.7 Biodiversity Management
2546.2.2 Disease Development and Transmission
852.2.8 Ecosystem Approaches
255Pathogenesis and sporogenesis
862.2.9 Seeds Mechanization and Use
256Epiphytotics
87A carrier of new technologies
257Requirements for disease development
88A basic tool for secured food supply
2586.2.3 Causes of Plant Disease
89The principal means to secure crop yields in less favorable production areas
2596.2.4 Diagnosis and Control of Plant Diseases
90A medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in cases of natural disaster
260Variable Factors Affecting Diagnosis
912.2.10 Decision Making Technologies
261Symptoms
922.3 CLIMATE-SMART CROP MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
262Signs
932.3.1 Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI)
2636.2.5 Principles of Disease Control
942.3.2 Climate-smart Crop Production
264Exclusion and avoidance
952.3.3 Climate-smart Livestock Production
265Eradication
962.3.4 Climate-smart Fisheries and Aquaculture
266Protection
972.3.5 Integrated Production Systems
267Regulation of the environment
982.3.6 Water management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
268Cultural practices
992.3.7 Sustainable Soil and Land Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
269Regulation of fertility level and nutrient balance
1002.3.8 Conservation and Sustainable use of Genetic Resources for Climate-smart Agriculture
270Handling practices
1012.3.9 Management of Energy in the context of Climate-Smart Agriculture
271Control of insect vectors
1022.4 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
272Biological control
103Chapter 3. Climate-Smart Livestock Production
273Therapy
1043.1 THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK
274Host resistance and selection
1053.1.1 Direct Effects of Climate Change on Livestock
275Variable resistance
1063.1.2 Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Livestock
276Obtaining disease-resistant plants
1073.1.3 Concept of Multiple Stressor Impacts on Livestock
277The use of genetic engineering in developing disease-resistant plants
1083.1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production
2786.2.6 Effect of Climate change on Plants and Plant Diseases
1093.1.5 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Reproduction
2796.3 CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON PEST INSECTS
1103.1.6 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Diseases
2806.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Insect Pests
1113.1.7 Climate Change on Livestock Productivity
281Effects of elevated CO2 on insect pests
1123.1.8 Adaption of Livestock Producers to Climate Change
282Effects of elevated temperature on insect pests
113Improve Animal Husbandry and Health
283Effect of changes in rainfall pattern on insect pests
114Provide shade, shelter and cooling systems
2846.3.2 Complex Responses of Global Insect Pests to Climate Warming
115Use livestock breeds or species that are adapted to warmer conditions
285Climate warming and insect pest biology
116Maintain forage productivity and quality
286Mixed responses to climate warming among insect pests
117Improve pasture rainfall use efficiency
287Responses of phytophagous pests of annual and perennial crops
118Use best-adapted pasture species and varieties
2886.4 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
119Use grain and graze strategies
289Chapter 7. Climate Change and Food Security
120Optimize inputs using precision farming technologies
2907.1 CONCERN OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY
121Improve fodder conservation
2917.1.1 Agriculture, Climate and Food Security
122Use confined feeding
2927.1.2 Food Security and Climate Change: A Conceptual Framework
123Use decision tools
2937.1.3 Vulnerability to Climate Change
124Provide Good Quality Livestock Water
294Uncertainty and risk
125Reduce business risk
295Food System Vulnerability
126Reduce soil erosion risk
296Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Food System Stability
1273.2 CONTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CLIMATE CHANGE
297Stability of supply
1283.2.1 Major Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Livestock Production
298Stability of Access
1293.2.2 Human-induced Emissions in Relation to Livestock Production
299Food Emergencies
1303.2.3 Emissions by species and commodities
3007.1.4 Livelihood Vulnerability
1313.2.4 Emission Intensities from Livestock Commodities
3017.2 FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SYSTEMS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
1323.2.5 Emissions from Deforestation Related to Expansion of Pasture
3027.2.1 Farming in a Changing Climate: Solutions beyond the Farm Gate
1333.2.6 Global Warming Potential of Methane
3037.2.2 Sustainability, Food Security and Climate Change
1343.2.7 Mitigation Options
304Ensuring Sustainability in Food and Agriculture
1353.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION TO FOOD SECURITY
305Ensuring Food Security
1363.3.1 The Challenge of Food and Nutrition Security
3067.3 PROTECTING FOOD SECURITY THROUGH ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
1373.3.2 Livestock’s Net Impact on Food Supply
3077.3.1 Living with Uncertainty and Managing New Risks
1383.3.3 Direct Contributions of Livestock to Nutrition Security
3087.3.2 Improving the Quality of Information and Its Use
1393.3.4 Indirect Effects of Livestock on Food Security
309Reaching vulnerable rural people with useful information
140Income Generation
310Monitoring weather and improving scientific understanding of climate change
141Livestock Underpinning Smallholder Agriculture
311Developing National Risk Management Policies
142Zoonotic Diseases and Food Safety: Overconsumption of Animal-Source Foods
312Typical components of national risk management policies and programs include:
1433.3.5 Livestock and Climate Change
3137.3.3 Strengthening Resilience and Managing Change: Adjusting Consumption and Responding to New Health Risks
1443.3.6 Livestock, Food, and Nutritional Security
3147.3.4 Protecting Food Security through Mitigation of Climate Change
1453.3.7 Livestock as a Supplier of Production Inputs for Sustainable Agricultural Development
3157.4 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
146Livestock as a source of energy
316Glossary
147Dung for fuel
317References
148Biogas production
318Index
149Livestock as a source of fertilizer and soil conditioner
319A
150Livestock and weed control
320B
1513.4 CLIMATE CHANGE: OF FARM ANIMALS AND QUALITY OF ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS
321C
1523.4.1 Thermoneutral Zone and Thermoregulation of Farm Animals
322D
1533.4.2 Global Warming on the Metabolism of Farm Animals
323E
1543.4.3 Heat Stress on the Production of Farm Animals and Product Quality
324F
155Meat and egg production in poultry
325G
156Pig performance and pork quality
326H
157Cattle production: milk production, milk quality and beef production
327I
1583.5 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
328L
159Chapter 4. Water Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture
329M
1604.1 WATER MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
330N
1614.1.1 Water Management in Agriculture
331O
1624.1.2 Climate change Impact on Water in Agriculture: Impact on water supply and demand
332P
1634.1.3 Climate Change and Non-climatic Drivers of Change in Water
333R
1644.2 PLANT WATER RELATION
334S
1654.2.1 Diffusion: Affecting Factors of Diffusion
335T
1664.2.2 Role of Diffusion in Plant Water Relation
336U
167What is Diffusion Pressure?
337V
168Diffusion is governed by Fick’s First Law: Water Potential (φW)
338W
1694.3 ROLE OF OSMOSIS
339Z
170What is osmotic pressure?
