1Introduction: A Comparative Framework for Global Problem-Solving
12Kenya: New Knowledge from Grassroots Innovation in the 'M-Pesa' Model
2Part I: Theoretical Foundations (Established Knowledge)
13Estonia: Generating New Knowledge from a Comprehensive 'e-Estonia' Digital Society Model
3Germany: Defining the Problem with Systems Thinking in Resource and Educational Management
14South Korea: The 2025 AI-Driven Strategy as a New Knowledge Generation Framework
4Japan: The Kaizen Philosophy as an Established Framework for Incremental Problem Solving
15Part IV: Newly Formed Theories (Emerging Frameworks)
5Brazil: Paulo Freire’s Problem-Posing Education as a Theoretical Framework for Social Problem-Solving
16Ecuador: 'Buen Vivir' (Good Living) as a New Constitutional Theory for Problem Solving
6Part II: Practical Applications (Global Implications)
17Finland: Phenomenon-Based Learning (PhenoBL) as a New Educational Theory for Problem Solving
7India: The 'India Stack' as a Practical Solution for Financial Inclusion and Economic Formalization
18Singapore: The 'Smart Nation 2.0' (2024) Framework as a New Theory of a Digital-Societal Contract
8United Kingdom: The Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) and the Practical Application of 'Nudge Theory'
19Part V: Research Gaps (Future Study)
9Rwanda: 'Umuganda' as a Practical, Home-Grown Solution for Community Development
20South Africa: Identifying Research Gaps in Problem-Solving for Persistent Structural Inequality (2025)
10China: The 'Smart City' Framework as a Practical Governance Solution for Urban Issues
21About Author
11Part III: New Knowledge Generation (Data-Driven Insights)
