1Preface
1684.5.3 How to Control Phytophthora Disease
2Chapter 1. Introduction and Development of Microbiology
169Cultural Control of Phytophthora
31.1 OVERVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY
170Fungicide Control of Phytophthora: Symptoms
41.1.1 Historical Background
1714.6 Self-Assessment
5Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life
172Chapter 5. Position of Microorganisms in Biological World
6Microbes and disease
1735.1 MICROORGANISMS: DEFINITION AND TYPES
7Progress in the 20th century
1745.1.1 Microorganism Definition
81.2 LIVING WORLD: DIVERSITY
1755.1.2 Types of Microorganisms
91.2.1 Taxonomic Categories
176Archaea (bacteria)
10Species
177Algae
11Genus
178Green Algae
12Family
179Red Algae
13Order
180Brown Algae
14Class
181Cyanobacteria
15Phylum
182Algal Blooms
16Kingdom
183Uses
17Taxonomical Aids
184Fungi
18Herbarium
185Protozoa
19Botanical
186Viruses
20Museum
187Prions
21Zoological Parks
188Lichens
221.3 CONCEPTS OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
189Slime molds
231.3.1 The Theory of Spontaneous Generation
1905.1.3 Benefits of Microorganisms for the Human Being
241.3.2 Disproving Spontaneous Generation
191Food Industry
251.4 CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS
192Medicine and Science
26Macroscopic Spontaneous Generation
193Waste treatment
27Microscopic Spontaneous Generation
194Microflora
28Pasteur’s Experimental Equipment
195Air
29A Common Misconception
196Biotechnology
301.4.1 Biogenesis versus Abiogenesis: Proof of Biogenesis
197Agriculture
311.4.2 Biogenesis of Ribosomes
198Evolution
321.5 Self-Assessment
199Environment
33Chapter 2. Microbial Activity of Rhizosphere Microflora
200Body Balance
342.1 INTRODUCTION
2015.2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM
352.2 RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA: CONCEPT
2025.2.1 Kingdom Monera
362.2.1 Historical Background
203Archaebacteria
372.2.2 Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere and Rhizosphere Effect
204Eubacteria
38Bacteria
205Difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
39Fungi
2065.2.2 Kingdom Protista
40Actinomycetes, Protozoa, and Algae
207Chrysophytes
412.2.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Flora of the Rhizosphere/Rhizosphere Effect
208Dinoflagellates
42Soil Type and Its Moisture
209Euglenoids
43Soil Amendments and Fertilizers
210Slime Moulds
44Soil PH/Rhizosphere PH
211Protozoans
45The proximity of Root with Soil
2125.2.3 Kingdom Fungi
46Plant Species
213Phycomycetes
47Age of Plant
214Ascomycetes
48Root/Exudates/Excretion
215Basidiomycetes
492.2.4 Alterations in Rhizosphere Microflora
216Deuteromycetes
50Soil Amendments
2175.2.4 Kingdom Plantae
51Foliar Application of Fertilizers and Agrochemicals
2185.2.5 Kingdom Animalia
52Seed Treatment with Bio Inoculants
2195.2.6 Viruses, Viroids and Lichens
532.2.5 Associative and Antagonistic Activities in the Rhizosphere
2205.2.7 Merits and Demerits of Five Kingdom Classification
54Associative Interactions/Activities in Rhizosphere
2215.3 Self-Assessment
55Antagonistic Interactions/Activities in Rhizosphere
222Chapter 6. Microbial Biotechnology
562.2.6 Rhizosphere in Relation to Plant Pathogens
2236.1 OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
57Zoospore Attraction
2246.1.1 Microbes and Biotechnology
58Spore Germination
2256.1.2 Microbial Biotechnology and its Applications in Agriculture
59Changes in Morphology and Physiology of Host Plant
226Natural Fermentation
60Increase in Antagonists Activity
227Biofertilizers
61Inhibition of Pathogen
228Bio-pesticides
62The attraction of Bacteria and Nematodes
229Bio-herbicides
632.3 RHIZOSPHERE SOIL ENVIRONMENT
230Bioinsecticides
642.3.1 Water Relations
231Fungal- bioinsecticides
652.3.2 Soil Physical Properties
232Virus-Based Bioinsecticides
662.3.3 Soil Chemistry
2336.2 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF MICROORGANISMS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY
672.3.4 Plant-Derived Compounds
2346.2.1 Traditional Method of Strain Improvement
682.3.5 Microbial Communities
2356.2.2 Classical Genetics
69Bacteria
2366.2.3 Rational Selection
70Fungi
2376.2.4 Cloning of the Candidate Genes
71Archaea
2386.2.5 Potential Applications of Genetic Manipulation of Micro-Organisms
722.3.6 Biotic Interactions in the Rhizosphere
2396.3 MICROBES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ENZYMES
73Impact of Rhizobial Microbes on Plants
2406.3.1 Production of Antibiotics
74Symbiotic or Mutualistic Relationships
241Use of Inoculum in Production of Antibiotics
752.3.7 Mycorrhizal Fungi
242Use of Fermentor in Production of Antibiotics:
76Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi
243Medium used for Antibiotic Production
77Ectomycorrhizae
244Biotransformation of Antibiotics
78Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
2456.3.2 Production of Recombinant Microbial Enzymes
792.3.8 Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
2466.4 MICROBES FOR CLEARING OIL SPILLS
80Legume Nodules
2476.4.1 Environmental effects of Oil Spill
81Perennial Legume Nodules
248Methods for Cleaning Oil Spills
82Annual Legume Nodules
249Costs and Prevention
83Frankia
2506.4.3 Microbial bioremediation and GEMs
842.4 Self-Assessment
2516.5 MONITORING FOR MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND INDICATORS
85Chapter 3. Beneficial Microorganisms for Agriculture
2526.5.1 Recreational Water Quality Criteria
863.1 MICROORGANISMS IN AGRICULTURE
2536.5.2 Microbial Pathogens and Indicators
873.1.1 Agricultural Microbiology
254Bacteria
883.1.2 Microorganisms In Nitrogen Cycle
255Fecal Indicator Bacteria
89Microorganisms involved in Nitrogen Fixation
256Protozoa
90Microorganisms involved in Ammonification
257Viruses
91Microorganisms involved in Nitrification
2586.5.3 Sources, Fate, and Transport of Waterborne Microorganisms
92Microorganisms involved in Denitrification
2596.5.4 Transport of Microorganisms: Survival/die-off factors
933.1.3 Biochemical Transformations of Carbon: The Carbon Cycle: Role of Microorganisms in Carbon Cycle
2606.5.5 Monitoring Issues
943.1.4 Biochemical transformation of Sulfur: The Sulfur Cycle
261Sample Collection
953.1.5 Biochemical Transformation of Phosphorus Compounds: Mineralization of Organic Phosphorus
262Analytical Methods
963.1.6 Microorganisms Involved in Bio-fertilizer
2636.6 Self-Assessment
97Bio-fertilizer provides the following benefits
264Chapter 7. Bacterial Morphology and Cellular Structures
98Some Important Groups of Bio-fertilizers
265Arrangement of cocci cells: Arrangement of Bacilli
993.1.7 Role of Microorganisms in Industrial Processes
2667.1 DEFINITION OF BACTERIA
100Production of Organic Compounds
2677.1.1 Types of Bacteria
101Enzymes and Other Products
2687.1.2 Characteristics of Bacteria
1023.1.8 Importance of Microorganisms in Medicine
269Size
103Characteristics of an Ideal Antimicrobial Drug
270Microscopy
104Penicillin and its relatives
271Light or Optical Microscope
105Antibiotics
272Phase Contrast Microscope
1063.1.9 Plant-microbe Symbiosis
273Darkfield / Dark ground microscope
107Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
274Electron Microscope
108Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
275Stained Preparations
109Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia
276Simple Stains
1103.1.10 Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion: Pathogen Deterrence
277Negative Staining
1113.2 USE OF BENEFICIAL SOIL MICROORGANISMS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
278Impregnation Methods
1123.2.1 N2 Fixing Bacteria
279Differential Stains
1133.2.2 Mycorrhizae and Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms
280Shape of the Bacteria
1143.2.3 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
2817.2 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
1153.2.4 Biological Control Organisms
2827.2.1 Cytoplasmic Membrane
1163.2.5 Probiotics for Plants
283Functions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
1173.2.6 Finding New Beneficial Inoculants
284Symposium on Bacterial Structure and Activity
1183.3 UTILIZATION OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN AGRICULTURE
2857.2.2 Bacterial Cell Wall
1193.3.1 What Constitutes an Ideal Agricultural System?
2867.2.3 Bacterial Cell Cytoplasm
1203.3.2 Efficient Utilization and Recycling of Energy
287Components of Cytoplasm of Bacteria
1213.3.3 Preservation of Natural Resources and the Environment
288Ribosomes
1223.3.4 Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms for a Sustainable Agriculture towards Agriculture without Chemicals and With Optimum Yields of High-Quality Crops
289Molecular Chaperones
1233.4 CONTROLLING THE SOIL MICROFLORA: PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
290Nucleoids (Bacterial Chromosome)
1243.4.1 Principles of Natural Ecosystems and the Application of Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms
291Plasmids
1253.4.2 Controlling the Soil Microflora for Optimum Crop Production and Protection
292Cytoplasmic Inclusions
1263.4.3 Application of Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms: Fundamental Considerations
2937.2.4 Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria
1273.5 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS BASED ON THEIR MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
294Bacterial Growth Curve
1283.5.1 Functions of Microorganisms: Putrefaction, Fermentation, and Synthesis
295Lag Phase
1293.5.2 Relationships between Putrefaction, Fermentation, and Synthesis
296Log or Exponential Phase
1303.5.3 Classification of Soils Based on the Functions of Microorganisms
297Stationary Phase
131Disease-Inducing Soils
298Phase of Decline
132Disease-Suppressive Soils
299Factors That Affect the Growth of Bacteria
133Zymogenic Soils
300Nutrition
134Synthetic Soils
301Oxygen
1353.6 Self-Assessment
302Carbon Dioxide
136Chapter 4. Fungi as Plant Pathogens
303Temperature
1374.1 introduction
304Moisture and Drying
1384.2 OVERVIEW OF PLANT PATHOGEN
305Light
1394.2.1 The major types of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi
306H-ion concentration
1401. Magnaportheoryzae (rice blast)
307Osmotic Effect
1412. Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)
3087.3 Self-Assessment
1423. Puccinia spp. (wheat rust)
309Glossary
1434. FusariumGraminearum (head blight)
310References
1445. Fusariumoxysporum (Fusarium wilt)
311Index
1456. Blumeriagraminis (powdery mildew)
312A
1467. Mycosphaerellagraminicola (Septoriatritici blotch disease)
313B
1478. Colletotrichum spp.
314C
1489. Ustilagomaydis (corn smut)
315D
14910. Melampsoralini (flax rust)
316E
150Classical Genetic Studies
317F
151Molecular Studies
318G
1524.3 NECROTROPHIC PATHOGENS OF IMMATURE OR COMPROMISED HOSTS
319H
1534.3.1 Description of Microbial Necrotrophy: Examples of Necrotrophic Infection Strategies
320I
1544.3.2 Host-specific Necrotrophs
321K
1554.3.3 Broad-host Foliar and Soil-borne Necrotrophs
322L
1564.3.4 Pathogens of Fruits: the Roles of Pectic Enzymes: Plant Signals to Induce Pectic Enzymes
323M
1574.3.5 Host-Specialized Necrotrophic Pathogens
324N
1584.4 VASCULAR WILT DISEASES
325O
1594.4.1 Panama Disease: A Classic Vascular Wilt
326P
1604.4.2 The Disease: Ecology of vascular wilt fusaria
327R
1614.4.3 The Smut Fungi
328S
1624.5 FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES AND THEIR TOXINS
329T
163Internal Toxins
330U
164External Toxins
331V
165Toxic Behaviors
332W
1664.5.1 What are Bacterial Toxins?
333Z
1674.5.2 Phytophthora Diseases: Biotrophic Pathogens
