1Preface
494.1 Introduction
2Chapter 1. Introduction
504.2 Aleosin
31.1 Variance and evolution of human skin pigmentation
514.3 Alpha-bisabolol
41.2 Physiological aspects in the control of skin pigmentation and defenses: dermal-epidermal cross-talk
524.4 Arbutin
51.3 Deregulation of the epidermal-dermal interplay in pigmentary disorders: pathological aspects
534.5 Ellagic acid
61.4 Conclusion
544.6 Glabridin
71.5 Exercise
554.7 Hesperidin
8Chapter 2. Hyperpigmentation and Treatment
564.8 Liquiritin
92.1 What is pigmentation?
574.9 Procyanidin
102.2 Benefits of Pigmentation Removal
584.10 Silymarin
112.3 Depigmenting agents
594.11 Adverse effects
122.4 Regulation of melanogenic enzymes
604.12 Conclusion
132.5 Transcriptional Control of Tyrosinase Expression
614.13 Exercise
142.6 Glycosylation and Maturation of Melanogenic Enzymes
62Chapter 5. Mechanisms Regulating Skin Pigmentation
152.7 Control of Tyrosinase Activity
635.1 Introduction
162.8 Azelaic Acid
645.2 Transcriptional Regulation of Melanogenic Enzymes
172.9 Redox Agents and ROS Scavengers
655.3 Post-Translational Modification of Melanogenic Enzymes
182.10 Post-Transcriptional Control of Tyrosinase
665.4 Attenuation of Tyrosinase and Related Melanogenic Enzymes Catalytic Activity
192.10.1 Inhibition Melanosome Transfer
675.4.1 Hydroquinone
202.10.2 Melanin Dispersion and Acceleration of Skin Turnover
685.4.2 Monobenzylether
212.10.3 Inhibitors of Inflammation-Induced Melanogenic Response
695.4.3 Arbutin and Deoxyarbutin
222.11 Laser Treatment of Pigmented Lesions
705.4.4 Mequinol
232.12 Conclusion
715.4.5 N-Acetyl-4-S-Cysteaminylphenol
242.13 Exercise
725.4.6 Kojic Acid
25Chapter 3. Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
735.4.7 Azelaic Acid
263.1 Epidemiology
745.4.8 Gentisic Acid
273.2 Etiology
755.5 Flavonoid-like Agents
283.3 Pathogenesis
765.5.1 Aloesin
293.4 Clinical manifestations
775.5.2 Hydroxy Stilbene
303.5 Treatment
785.5.3 Licorice Extract
313.5.1 Photoprotection
795.6 Antioxidants and Redox Agents
323.5.2 Medical therapy
805.6.1 L-Ascorbic Acid and Magnesium-L-Ascorbyl-2-Phosphate
333.5.3 Mequinol
815.6.2 Alpha-Tocopherol and Alpha-Tocopherol Ferulate
343.5.4 Retinoids
825.6.3 Interruption of Melanosome Transfer
353.5.5 Azelaic Acid
835.6.4 Centaureidin and Methylophiopogonanone B
363.5.6 Kojic Acid
845.6.5 Niacinamide
373.5.7 Arbutin
855.6.6 PAR-2 Inhibitors
383.5.8 Niacinamide
865.6.7 Lectins and Neoglycoproteins
393.5.9 N-Acetyl Glucosamine
875.7 Acceleration of Epidermal Turnover and Desquamation
403.5.10 Ascorbic Acid
885.7.1 α-Hydroxy Acids
413.5.11 Licorice
895.7.2 Salicylic Acid
423.5.12 Soy
905.7.3 Linoleic Acid
433.5.13 Surgical Therapy
915.7.4 Retinoids
443.6 Laser and light-based therapies
925.8 Exercise
453.7 Cosmetic camouflage
93Glossary
463.8 Conclusion
94Appendix
473.9 Exercise
95Index
48Chapter 4. Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Hyperpigmentation
