1Preface
1127 Radar Technology and Terrain Interactions
21 Introduction to Remote Sensing Concepts and Systems
1137.1 Introduction
31.1 Concepts of Remote Sensing
1147.2 Uses of Radar Systems
41.2 Stages of Remote Sensing
1157.3 Radar Systems
51.3 Benefits of Remote Sensing
1167.3.1 Components
61.4 Drawbacks of Remote Sensing
1177.3.2 Imaging Systems
71.5 Common Terminology
1187.3.3 Typical images
81.5.1 Electromagnetic Energy or Radiation
1197.3.4 Depression Angle
91.5.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
1207.4 Characteristics of Radar Images
101.5.3 Remote Sensing Systems
1217.4.1 Radar Image Acquisition
111.5.4 Spectral Reflectance Curves
1227.4.2 Roughness and Radar Image Brightness
121.6 Sources of Remote Sensing Information
1237.4.3 Other Factors Affecting Radar Brightness
131.6.1 USGS Earth Explorer
1247.5 Sources of Radar Imagery
141.6.2 GLOVIS
1257.6 References
151.6.3 LANDSAT
1268 Digital Image Processing
161.6.4 ESA’s Sentinel Data
1278.1 Structure of Digital Images
171.6.5 NOAA Digital Coast
1288.2 Image Processing Overview
181.6.6 Satellite Pour I’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)
1298.3 Image Restoration
191.6.7 LANCE
1308.4 Noise Removal
201.6.8 RADARSAT
1318.5 Block-matching Algorithms
211.6.9 European Resource Satellite
1328.5.1 Random Field
221.6.10 Marine Observation Satellite
1338.5.2 Deep Learning
231.6.11 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
1348.5.3 Software Programs
241.6.12 Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
1358.6 Image Enhancement
251.7 Hyper-spectral Scanning Systems
1368.7 Information Extraction
261.8 Multispectral Imaging Systems
1378.8 References
271.9 Image Characteristics
1389 Meteorological, Oceanographic and Environmental Applications
281.10 References
1399.1 Meteorological Applications
292 Photographs from Aircraft and Satellites
1409.1.1 Weather Forecasting
302.1 Interactions between Light and Matter
1419.1.2 Aviation Meteorology
312.2 Film Technology
1429.1.3 Agricultural Meteorology
322.3 Characteristics of Aerial Photographs
1439.1.4 Military Meteorology
332.4 Photo-mosaics
1449.1.5 Environmental Meteorology
342.5 Stereo Pairs of Aerial Photographs
1459.1.6 Maritime Meteorology
352.6 Low-sun-angle Photographs
1469.1.7 Nuclear Meteorology
362.7 Black-and-white Photographs
1479.1.8 Hydro Meteorology
372.8 Color Science
1489.1.9 Renewable Energy
382.8.1 Additive Coloring
1499.2 Oceanography
392.8.2 Subtractive Coloring
1509.2.1 Branches
402.9 Normal Color Photographs
1519.2.2 Ocean Currents
412.10 Color in Electronic Displays and Prints
1529.2.3 Ocean Heat Content
422.11 IR Color Photographs
1539.3 UV Radiation and Ozone Concentration: 9.3.1 Ozone Depletion and UV Related Health Effects
432.12 Normal Color and IR Color Photographs Compared
1549.4 Climate and Weather
442.13 High-Altitude Aerial Photographs
1559.5 Ocean Productivity
452.14 New Technology
1569.6 Sea Ice
462.15 References
1579.6.1 Why is Sea Ice So Important?
473 Visual Image Interpretation
1589.6.2 Difference Between Sea Ice, Glaciers, Icebergs, and Lake Ice
483.1 Introduction
1599.7 Bathymetry: 9.7.1 Measurement
493.2 Aerial Photo Interpretation
1609.8 Environmental Pollution: 9.8.1 Types of Pollution
503.3 Image Interpretation Tasks
1619.9 References
513.4 Specific Elements of Visual Image Interpretation
16210 Oil Exploration
523.4.1 Tone
16310.1 Introduction
533.4.2 Shadow
16410.2 Sudan
543.4.3 Pattern
16510.3 Papua New Guinea : 10.3.1 Achievements
553.4.4 Size
16610.4 Oil Exploration Research
563.4.5 Site
16710.4.1 Development of Research and Technology in the Oil and Gas Sector of Norway
573.4.6 Shape
16810.4.2 PETROMAKS 2
583.4.7 Association
16910.4.3 DEMO2000
593.5 Minimum Mapping Unit
17010.5 Other Energy Resources
603.6 References
17110.5.1 Coal
614 Digital Interpretation of Aerial Imagery
17210.5.2 Uranium and Nuclear
624.1 Introduction
17310.5.3 Hydro Power
634.2 Image
17410.5.4 Wind
644.3 Digital Image
17510.5.5 Bio-energy and Waste
654.4 Digital Image Processing
17610.5.6 Energy Effectiveness
664.5 Advantages of Digital Image Processing
17710.6 References
674.6 Elements of the Digital Image Processing System
17811 Mineral Exploration
684.6.1 Aprocessing device (Computers, Smart Phones, etc.)
17911.1 Introduction
694.6.2 Image Processing Software
18011.2 Regional Lineaments and Ore Deposits of Nevada
704.6.3 Display Terminal
18111.3 Regional Lineaments and Ore Deposits of South Africa and Australia
714.6.4 Printing Device
18211.4 Local Fractures and Ore Deposits
724.6.5 Storage Device
18311.5 Mapping Hydrothermally Altered Rocks
734.7 Procedural Steps in Digital Image Processing
18411.6 Goldfield Mining District, Nevada
744.7.1 Image Pre-processing
18511.7 Porphyry Copper Deposits
754.7.2 Image Enhancing
18611.8 Collahuasi Mining District, Chile
764.7.3 Image Transformation
18711.9 Strategy for Mineral Exploration
774.7.4 Categorized Information Extraction
18811.10 References
784.8 Common Terminologies
18912 Natural Hazards
794.8.1 Digital Number
19012.1 introduction
804.8.2 Pixel Depth
19112.2 Causes of Natural Disaster
814.8.3 Band
19212.3 Earthquakes
824.9 References
19312.4 Landslides
835 Earth Resource and Environmental Satellites
19412.5 Impacts of Landslides on the Surface of the Earth: 12.5.1 Submarine Landslides
845.1 Introduction
19512.6 Forest and Range Fires
855.2 Various Orbital Patterns of the Earth Orbiting Satellites
19612.6.1 Types of Forest Fire
865.3 SPOT Satellite, France
19712.6.2 Forest Fire Mitigation Measurements
875.3.1 SPOT 1, 2 and 3
19812.7 Floods
885.3.2 SPOT 4
19912.8 Land Subsidence
895.3.3 SPOT 5
20012.8.1 Dissolution of Limestone
905.3.4 SPOT 6 and 7
20112.8.2 Subsistence Related to Groundwater
915.4 JERS-1 Satellite, Japan
20212.8.3 Earthquake
925.5 Indian Remote Sensing Satellites
20312.8.4 Seasonal Effects
935.5.1 IRS - 1A
20412.8.5 Mining
945.5.2 IRS - 1B
20512.9 Volcano
955.5.3 Other Programs
20612.10 Tsunami
965.6 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites
20712.10.1 Tidal Wave
975.7 Polar Orbiting NOAA Environmental Satellites
20812.10.2 Seismic Sea Wave
985.8 Remote Sensing Satellite Systems (Current and Future Analyzed)
20912.10.3 Causes
995.9 References
21012.11 References
1006 Landsat Images
21113 Comparing Image Types
1016.1 Introduction
21213.1 Introduction
1026.2 Landsat 1, 2, and 3
21313.2 Multilayer Image
1036.3 Landsat 4 and 5
21413.3 Multispectral Image
1046.4 Orbit Patterns
21513.4 Super Spectral Image
1056.5 Selecting and Ordering Images
21613.4.1 Death Valley
1066.6 Regional Interpretation, Saudi Arabia
21713.4.2 Physical Environment
1076.7 Landsat Mosaics
21813.4.3 Plant and Animal Life
1086.8 Changing Scenario of the Natural World
21913.4.4 Death Valley National Park
1096.9 Lineaments
22013.5 Summary
1106.10 Plate Tectonic Interpretations
22113.6 References
1116.11 References
222Index
