1Preface
1569.7.2 Storage of Manure for Slurry or Liquid Systems
21 Introduction to Organic Crop Production
1579.8 References
31.1 History of Organic Farming
15810 Compost Management on Organic Farms
41.2 The Organic Foods Production Act
15910.1 Introduction
51.3 Definition of Organic Farming
16010.1.1 What can be Composted
61.4 Organic Farming Management Practices
16110.1.2 What cannot be Composted
71.4.1 Plant Nutrition
16210.2 Types of Composting Practices
81.4.2 Weed Management
16310.2.1 Vermicomposting
91.4.3 Pest Management
16410.2.2 Windrow Composting
101.4.4 Disease Management
16510.2.3 Aerated Static Pile Composting
111.4.5 Worldwide rules on Organic Agriculture
16610.2.4 In-vessel Composting
121.5 Sustainable Agriculture
16710.3 Advantages and disadvantages of composting
131.6 References
16810.4 Composting organic materials with high lignin content and lime treatment
142 Organic Crop Certification
16910.5 Compost enrichment
152.1 Introduction
17010.5.1 Preparation of Phospho-Compost
162.2 National Organic Program (NOP)
17110.5.2 Preparation of high-grade Compost
172.3 Transitioning to Organic Production
17210.6 Compost quality
182.4 Genetically Engineered Crops
17310.7 Compost Pile Management
192.5 Organic Certification Agencies
17410.8 The Benefits of Using Composts to Agriculture
202.6 Organic Certification Process
17510.8.1 Improves the Physical Properties of Soils
212.7 Organic System Plan
17610.8.2 Enhances the Chemical Properties of Soils
222.8 Requirements for Organic Labelling
17710.8.3 Economic and Social Benefits of Composting.
232.9 References
17810.9 Crop Residue Composting
243 Approved Materials for Organic Farming
17910.9.1 Waste Collection
253.1 Introduction
18010.9.2 Shredding of Waste Materials
263.2 The National List
18110.9.3 Mixing of Green Waste and Brown Waste
273.2.1 Allowed and Prohibited Substances
18210.9.4 Formation of Compost Heap
283.2.2 Allowed Synthetic Materials
18310.9.5 Aerating the Compost Material
293.2.3 Inert Ingredients
18410.9.6 Maintaining the Moisture
303.2.4 Restrictions in Using Approved Substances
18510.9.7 Compost Maturity
313.2.5 Organic System Plan
18610.9.8 Enriching the Compost
323.2.6 Removing or Amending Ingredients on the National List
18710.9.9 Nutritive value of Bio-compost
333.3 Accredited Certifying Agents
18810.10 References
343.3.1 Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)
18911 Integrated Pest Management in Organic Farms
353.3.2 OMRI List
19011.1 Introduction
363.3.3 Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA)
19111.2 Monitoring for Crop Pests
373.3.4 Review Process for Determining Compliance of Materials
19211.3 Identification of Pests
383.3.5 Products with Multiple Reviews
19311.3.1 Examining the Plant
393.3.6 Federal Product Labeling
19411.3.2 Identification of Pests
403.4 List of Approved Inputs for Organic Production
19511.4 Importance of Economic Thresholds
413.5 References
19611.4.1 Improved Productivity
424 Soil Management on Organic Farms
19711.4.2 Cost-saving
434.1 Introduction
19811.4.3 Useful Insects
444.2 Soil Management on Organic Farms
19911.4.4 Consideration of External Factors
454.3 National Organic Program Practices
20011.5 Tactics for Integrated Pest Management Control
464.4 Regulation of the program
20111.5.1 Cultural Methods
474.5 Soil Properties
20211.5.2 Physical Methods
484.5.1 Physical Properties
20311.5.3 Genetic Methods
494.5.2 Chemical Properties
20411.5.4 Biological Methods
504.5.3 Biological Properties
20511.5.5 Chemical Methods
514.6 Soil Organic Matter
20611.6 Record Keeping
524.6.1 What is the Organic Matter?
20711.6.1 Varieties of Pests
534.6.2 Ways in which Organic Matter Benefits the Soil
20811.6.2 Economic Thresholds
544.6.3 Sources of Organic Matter
20911.6.3 Targeting the Productive Activities
554.6.4 Classification of Organic Matter
21011.6.4 Information Sharing
564.6.5 Quantity of Soil Organic Matter
21111.7 National Organic Program Standards for IPM
574.7 Management Practices to Improve Soil Health
21211.7.1 Pest Prevention
584.7.1 Reducing Tillage
21311.7.2 Use of Materials which are Approved
594.7.3 Better Crop Rotations
21411.7.3 Application of Materials which are not Approved
604.7.4 Organic Amendments
21511.8 References
614.8 Managing soil fertility in organic systems
21612 Insect Pest Management for Organic Crops
624.8.1 Nitrogen Management
21712.1 Introduction
634.8.2 Phosphorus Management
21812.2 Biology of Insects
644.8.3 Potassium Management
21912.3 Entomology
654.9 Micronutrients
22012.3.1 Farmers
664.10 References
22112.3.2 Environmentalists
675 Soil Tillage in Organic Farming Systems
22212.3.3 Scientists
685.1 Soil Tillage Systems
22312.3.4 Industries
695.1.1 Conventional Tillage Systems
22412.3.5 Teachers
705.1.2 Conservation Tillage Systems
22512.3.6 Foresters
715.1.3 Pros of Tillage System
22612.4 Insect Pests
725.1.4 Cons of Tillage System
22712.4.1 Effect on Plants and Crops
735.1.5 Conventional vs. Conservation Tillage
22812.4.2 Effect on Humans
745.2 Conservation Soil Tillage Systems
22912.4.3 Effect on Livestock
755.2.1 No-Till
23012.4.4 Effect by Transmitting and causing Diseases in Plants
765.2.2 Strip-Till
23112.4.5 Effect on the Environment
775.2.3 Ridge Till
23212.5 Insect Pest Management
785.3 Soil Tillage Implements
23312.5.1 Acceptable Pest Levels
795.3.1 Mould Board Plow
23412.5.2 Preventive Cultural Practices
805.3.2 Disc Plow
23512.5.3 Monitoring
815.3.3 Chisel Plough
23612.5.4 Mechanical Controls
825.3.4 Cultivators
23712.5.5 Biological Controls
835.3.5 Spike, Spring, and Tine-toothed Harrows
23812.5.6 Responsible use
845.3.6 Disc Harrow
23912.6 Benefits of implementing Integrated Pest Management programs
855.3.7 Blade Harrow
24012.7 Methods of Insect Pest Management
865.3.8 Plank and Roller
24112.7.1 Cultural Control of Insect Pests
875.3.9 Seed Drill
24212.7.2 Biological Control of Insect Pests
885.3.10 Residue Management Implements
24312.7.3 Microbials for Controlling Insect Pests
895.4 References
24412.7.4 Botanicals for Controlling Insect Pests
906.1 Introduction
24512.7.5 Spray Oils for Controlling Insect Pests
916.3 The process behind the practice
24612.7.6 Insecticidal Soaps
926.4 The estimated range and mid-range values
24712.7.7 Minerals for Controlling Insect Pests
936.5 Predicted timing or delay and seasonality of reductions
24812.7.8 Pheromones for Controlling Insect Pests
946.6 How do site conditions like soils, topography, hydrology, climate affect effectiveness in reducing nutrient losses
24912.7.9 Insect Growth Regulators
956.7.1 Legumes
25012.8 References
966.7.2 Crimson Clover
25113 Plant Disease Management of Organic Crops
976.7.3 Field Peas
25213.1 Various sorts of plant disease pathogens
986.7.4 Hairy Vetch
25313.1.1 Fungi
996.8 Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes
25413.1.2 Bacteria
1006.9 Green Manures
25513.1.3 Viruses and Viroids
1016.10 Catch Crops
25613.1.4 Phytoplasmas
1026.15 References
25713.1.5 Nematodes
1037 Crop Rotation on Organic Farms
25813.2 Cultural control of crop disease
1047.1 Introduction
25913.2.1 Rotation with Unrelated Crops
1057.1.1 Two-field System
26013.2.2 Fertilizer usage
1067.1.2 Three-field System
26113.2.3 Deep burial of Crop Residue
1077.1.3 Four-field System
26213.2.4 Using Raised Bed for Plantation
1087.2 National Organic Program
26313.2.5 Time of Seeding Cultural Practice
1097.3 National Organic Standards Board (NOSB)
26413.2.6 Removal of Undesirable Plant
1107.4 National Organic Program Standards
26513.2.7 Volunteer Plant Practice
1117.5 Benefits and Limitations of Crop Rotation
26613.2.8 Rouging (removal) of Diseased Plants
1127.5.1 Benefits
26713.3 Soil Solarization for controlling soil-borne diseases
1137.5.2 Limitations
26813.3.1 Soil-Borne Diseases
1147.6 Management of Diseases with Crop Rotation
26913.3.2 Soil Solarization
1157.7 Management of Insect Pests, Weeds, and Nematodes with Crop Rotation
27013.3.3 Principles of Solarization
1167.8 References
27113.3.4 Procedure of Solarization
1178 Intercropping on Organic Farms
27213.3.5 Gross Procedure
1188.1 Introduction
27313.4 Biorational control of crop disease
1198.2 Benefits and Limitations of Intercropping
27413.4.1 Minerals
1208.2.1 Advantages of Intercropping
27513.4.2 Oils
1218.2.2 Restrictions of Intercropping
27613.4.3 Microbial
1228.3 Intercropping Technical Criteria
27713.5 References
1238.3.1 Yield Choice
27814 Weed Management for Organic Crops
1248.3.2 Plant Densities
27914.1 Introduction
1258.3.3 Plant Maturity Dates
28014.2 Key Points
1268.3.4 Planting Architecture
28114.3 Prevention
1278.4 Summary
28214.4 Weed Biology
1288.5 References
28314.5 Controlling Weeds
1299 Manure Management on Organic Farms
28414.6 Cultural Weed Control
1309.1 National Organic Program Standards
28514.6.1 Weed Control Systems
1319.1.1 Composite Manure Rules
28614.6.2 What is Cultural Weed Control?
1329.1.2 Processed Manure Regulations
28714.6.3 Why Control Weeds?
1339.1.3 Raw Manure NOP Standards
28814.6.4 Why Use Cultural Control for Weeds?
1349.2 Benefits and Limitations of Manure
28914.6.5 How to Use Cultural Studies to Control Weeds?
1359.2.1 Benefits of Manure
29014.6.6 The Limitations
1369.2.2 Limitations of Manure
29114.6.7 Controlling Weeds by Tillage and Cultivation
1379.3 Managing Nutrients in Manure
29214.6.8 Controlling weeds by Mowing
1389.3.1 Composition of Nutrients
29314.6.9 Cutting and mowing are techniques that can decrease weed difficulties.
1399.3.2 Nutrient Content for Crops
29414.6.10 Techniques
1409.3.3 Manure Sampling and Testing
29514.6.11 Useful tips for a Healthy Lawn
1419.4 Timing of Manure Application
29614.7 Flame Weeding
1429.4.1 Spring Manure Application
29714.7.1 What is Flame Weeding?
1439.4.2 Summer Manure Application
29814.7.2 Flame Weeding Techniques
1449.4.3 Fall Manure Application
29914.8 Soil Solarization for Weed Control
1459.4.4 Winter Manure Application
30014.8.1 Solarization Works
1469.5 Manure Application Rates
30114.8.2 What Is Solarization?
1479.5.1 Nitrogen Based Manure Application rate Calculation
30214.8.3 Preparing the Ground for Soil Solarization
1489.5.2 Phosphorus Based Manure Application Rate Calculation
30314.8.4 How to Solarize Your Soil
1499.6 Manure Application Methods
30414.9 Bio-rational control of weed
1509.6.1 Broadcasting Application Method
30514.9.1 Viable Alternative
1519.6.2 Broadcasting with the Incorporation Application Method
30614.9.2 New Biorational Herbicide for Weed Control in Veg Crops
1529.6.3 Solid Manure Application Equipment
30714.10 References
1539.6.4 Liquid Manure Application Equipment
308Appendix A: Abbreviations
1549.7 Manure Storage Systems
309Index
1559.7.1 Storage of Manure for Solid Systems
