1Preface
24711.8.3Sealing Multiphase Pumping Applications
21 The Importance and Evolution of Irrigation in the World
24811.9The Pumps Assessment
31.1 Irrigation system
24911.9.1By which way to Calculate the Performance of a Pump?
41.2 History of Irrigation system
25011.9.2Problems in the Assessment of Pumps
51.3 Present Irrigation System
25111.10Pumping Stations
61.4 Future of the irrigation
25211.11Basic design principles
71.5 Sub-Irrigation
25311.12Save Energy Through Pumping System: 11.12.1Choose the Most Effective Pump model for the Application
81.6 Developing the irrigation facility
25411.13Pump Systems for current Agricultural Irrigation
91.7 Water Sources for irrigation
25511.14A brief about Irrigation
101.8 Disadvantages of irrigation method
25611.15What to Recognize While Providing Water to the Crop?
111.8.1 Water Quality
25711.16Traditional Strategies and Pumping Clarifications
121.8.2 Fish and Live Stocks
25811.17References
131.8.3 Groundwater mining with Wells
25912A Brief About Gravity Irrigation
141.8.4 Groundwater Quality and Reduced Downstream Drainage
26012.1Components of Gravity-Fed Irrigation System
151.9 Advantages of Irrigated System
26112.1.1Water Reservoir
161.9.1 Importance of irrigation
26212.1.2Support Structure
171.9.2 Nutrients and Soil Preservation
26312.1.3Piping
181.9.3 Disease and Weed Control
26412.1.4Timer and Filter
191.9.4 Water and Time Conserving
26512.1.5Valves and Drips
201.10 Improving the Production by Irrigation method
26612.2Gravity Flow Irrigation Method
211.10.1 Irrigation Systems
26712.3Construction of Gravity Flow Irrigation System
221.10.2 Small Scale Irrigation
26812.4Reference
231.10.3 Wastewater for Irrigation
26913Overview of Land Grading
241.11 Reference
27013.1Introduction
252 Detailed Overview ofSoil-Water Relationship
27113.2Planning Considerations
262.1 Introduction
27213.2.1Cuts, Fills and Slopes
272.2 Soil
27313.2.2Exposed Surfaces
282.2.1 Soil Formation
27413.2.3Areas of Construction and Erosion
292.2.2 Soil Profile
27513.2.4Surveys
302.2.3 Different Horizons of Soil
27613.3Design Recommendations
312.2.4 Soil and Irrigation
27713.4Construction
322.3 Water
27813.5Land Grading Methods
332.3.1 Water Cycle
27913.5.1The Plane Method
342.3.2 Life under the Water
28013.5.2The Profile Method
352.3.3 Water Pollution
28113.6Tools and Techniques
362.3.4 Water and Irrigation
28213.7Operation and Maintenance
372.4 Soil and Water Relationship with respect to Irrigation
28313.8References
382.4.1 Soil and Water System
28414Everything Related to Drainage of Irrigated Field
392.4.2 Soil Classification
28514.1Components of Drainage System and Need for Drainage
402.4.3 Soil Water Classification
28614.1.1Field Drainage System
412.5 Importance of Water and Soil in Plant Growth
28714.1.2Main Drainage System
422.6 How the Plants absorb water from the Soil
28814.1.3Outlet
432.7 Negative Relation - Soil Erosion
28914.2Surface Drainage
442.8 Key pointers of the chapter
29014.2.1Ditches or Open Drains
452.9 FAQs
29114.2.2Grassed Waterways
462.10 References
29214.2.3Humps and Hollow
473 Brief About Plant-water Relationship
29314.2.4Levees or Graded Banks
483.1 Active Absorption
29414.2.5Laser Leveling or Grading
493.1.1 Active Osmotic Water Absorption
29514.3Subsurface Drainage
503.1.2 Active Non-osmotic Water Absorption
29614.3.1Subsurface Pipes
513.2 Passive absorption
29714.3.2Mole Drainage
523.3 Transpiration
29814.3.3Interceptor Drains
533.3.1 Evaporative Cooling
29914.3.4Ground Water Pumps
543.3.2 Accessing Nutrients from the Soil
30014.4Reference
553.3.3 Carbon Dioxide
30115Factors and Aspects to Consider Before Choosing the Irrigation Method
563.3.4 Water Movements
30215.1Various Irrigation Methods to Choose from
573.3.5 Water Uptake
30315.2Factors to consider while selecting the method
583.3.6 Driving Force
30415.2.1Sprinkler, Drip or Sprinkle Irrigation
593.3.7 Resistance
30515.2.2Furrow, Basin or Border Irrigation
603.4 Properties of water
30615.3References
613.4.1 Water Potential
30716Health Hazards of Irrigation
623.4.2 Evaporation
30816.1Environmental Impact of Irrigation
633.4.3 Water Equilibrium
30916.2Health Impact of Irrigation
643.4.4 Diffusion
31016.3Diseases and Infections Caused by Pathogens – Waterborne Disease
653.4.5 Solutes
31116.3.1Protozoa
663.4.6 Solute Potential
31216.3.2Bacteria
673.5 Osmosis
31316.3.3Virus
683.6 Plant and water relationship in Osmotic system
31416.3.4Algea
693.6.1 Permeability
31516.3.5Parasitic Worms
703.6.2 Plasmolysis
31616.4Deadliest Diseases Caused by Contaminated Irrigation Water
713.7 Control of Transpiration
31716.4.1Japanese Encephalitis
723.8 Movement of water and minerals in the Xylem: 3.8.1 Xylem
31816.4.2Schistosomiasis
733.9 Cavitation
31916.4.3Malaria
743.10 Transportation of Photosynthates in the Phloem
32016.5Health Impact Caused Due to The Utilization of Pesticides
753.10.1 Translocation
32116.6References
763.10.2 Apoplast, Trans-membrane and Symplast
32217Economics and Costing Related To Irrigation
773.11 Environmental conditions
32317.1Introduction
783.11.1 Relative Humidity
32417.2Economic characteristics of irrigation
793.11.2 Temperature
32517.3Operational economics of irrigation systems
803.11.3 Soil Water
32617.4Tariff and price policies
813.11.4 Light
32717.5Economics of reconstruction rebuilding and framing of irrigation system
823.11.5 Wind
32817.6Costing if irrigation and water prices: 17.6.1State Considerations
833.12 Reference
32917.7Components of costing
844 Water Requirements of Crops and Irrigation Rate
33017.8Water prices and policies
854.1 Factors affecting the water requirement
33117.9Water cost and policies of repayment in American west
864.1.1 Effect of Climate
33217.10References
874.1.2 Type of Crop
33318A Brief About Computerized Automated Irrigation
884.1.3 Groundwater Level
33418.1What is Computerized Automated Irrigation?
894.1.4 Intensity of irrigation
33518.2Need for Automation
904.1.5 Type of Soil
33618.2.1Intensive Labor
914.1.6 Methods of Plowing and Water Application
33718.2.2Required Time
924.1.7 Crop Period
33818.2.3Irrigation Efficiency
934.2 Determination of Crop water requirement
33918.2.4Water Wastage
944.2.1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)
34018.2.5Leaching
954.2.2 Crop Coefficient (Kc) and Crop Evapotranspiration (ETcrop)
34118.2.6Requires Vigilance
964.2.3 Factors affecting ETcrop in Local Conditions
34218.3Classification of computerized irrigation systems
974.3 Calculation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
34318.3.1Time-based Irrigation System
984.3.1 Blaney-Criddle Method
34418.3.2Volume-based Irrigation System
994.3.2 Radiation Method
34518.3.3Closed-loop Irrigation System
1004.3.3 Penman Method
34618.3.4Real-time Feedback System
1014.3.4 Pan Evaporation Method
34718.3.5Open-loop System
1024.4 Calculation of Crop Coefficient and Crop Evapotranspiration
34818.3.6Computerized automated System
1034.5 Factors affecting Crop Evapotranspiration
34918.4Components of Computerized Automation System
1044.5.1 Climatic Conditions
35018.4.1Power Supply
1054.5.2 Soil Water
35118.4.2Micro-controller
1064.5.3 Irrigation Method
35218.4.3GSM Module and Mobile
1074.5.4 Agricultural Practices
35318.5Working of computerized irrigation systems
1084.6 Irrigation Rates
35418.6Advantages and Disadvantages of computerized irrigation systems
1094.7 References
35518.6.1Advantages
1105 Soil Salinity and Quality of Water
35618.6.2Disadvantages
1115.1 Water quality for agriculture
35718.7References
1125.1.1 Filters
35819Irrigation Management and Scheduling
1135.1.2 pH and Alkalinity
35919.1Irrigation Management
1145.1.3 Guidelines for irrigation Water Alkalinity
36019.2Water Management
1155.1.4 Problems due to High Alkalinity and pH
36119.2.1Communal Water Management
1165.1.5 Trace Minerals and Micronutrients
36219.2.2Enterprise Water Management
1175.1.6 Rectifying the Water Quality Problem
36319.2.3Utility Water Management
1185.2 Salinity
36419.3Technologies used for Water Application
1195.2.1 Salinity Problems
36519.4Irrigation Scheduling
1205.2.2 Management of the Salinity Problems
36619.5Factors to consider for scheduling
1215.3 Reference
36719.5.1Moisture Content
1226 Hydraulics of Open Channels
36819.5.2Depth of the Root Zone
1236.1 Channel
36919.5.3Water Holding Capability
1246.2 Open-Channel flow: 6.2.1 Types of the Open Channel
37019.5.4Effective irrigation
1256.3 Measurements of the velocity: 6.3.1 Discharge Measurements
37119.5.5Water usage
1266.4 Manning equation
37219.6Irrigation Scheduling Techniques
1276.5 Critical flow condition in open channel hydraulics
37319.6.1Evapotranspiration Scheduling (ETS)
1286.6 Fundamental Types of open-channel Hydraulics
37419.6.2Irrigation scheduling as per irrigation systems
1296.7 Space criteria
37519.6.3Soil Moisture Monitoring
1306.8 States of flow
37619.6.4Plant-based Irrigation Scheduling
1316.9 History of the open channels hydraulics
37719.7References
1326.9.1 Greek Age
37820Everything about Cotton Irrigation
1336.9.2 Persia
37920.1What is Irrigation?: 20.1.1Necessity of a Water System
1346.9.3 China
38020.2How to Choose an Irrigation Framework?
1356.9.4 Sri Lanka
38120.3Irrigation Scheduling for Cotton
1366.9.5 Rome
38220.4Evapotranspiration
1376.10 Free surface flow classification
38320.5Need of cotton irrigation
1386.11 Hydrostatic pressure distribution
38420.6Water Use for cotton irrigation
1396.12 Best Hydraulic section
38520.7Cotton Production
1406.13 Energy concept in steady uniform flow
38620.8Well-arranged and Well-executed Cotton Harvest
1416.14 Hydraulic jump and hydraulic drop theory
38720.8.1Cotton-Harvest-Systems
1426.15 Reference
38820.8.2Lint Quality
1437 Measuring the Channel Flow
38920.8.3Foundation of Stripper Harvesting
1447.1 Channel Flow measurement
39020.8.4Foundation of Cotton Harvesting
1457.2 Traditional methods
39120.8.5Sledding
1467.3 Disadvantages of these traditional methods
39220.8.6First Cotton Flowers to Bloom
1477.4 Various Methods to measure channel flow
39320.8.7Pinnacle Bloom to Open Balls
1487.4.1 Timed Gravimetric
39420.8.8A well-executed and a Well-planned Cotton Harvest
1497.4.2 Tracer-Dilution
39520.9References
1507.4.3 Area Velocity Method
39621Cultivation of Sugar Crops
1517.4.4 Manning Equation
39721.1Introduction
1527.4.5 Hydraulic Structures
39821.2Sugar crops water requirement
1537.5 Channel flow meter problems
39921.2.1Water Requirement based on the Phases of Growth
1547.5.1 Discharge
40021.2.2Water Requirements based on seasons and Soil Textures
1557.5.2 Methods
40121.3Methods of sugarcane irrigation
1567.6 Reference
40221.3.1Furrow irrigation
1578 Detailed Overview of Pipe Flow
40321.3.2Alternate Furrow irrigation
1588.1 Overview of Pipe Flow
40421.3.3Flood irrigation
1598.2 Introduction
40521.3.4Micro irrigation
1608.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flows: 8.3.1 Reynolds Number
40621.3.5Sprinkler Method of irrigation
1618.4 Velocity Boundary Layer: 8.4.1 Entry Lengths
40721.4Drip irrigation
1628.5 Pressure Drop or Head Loss
40821.4.1Types of Drip Irrigation
1638.6 Turbulent Flow Through Pipes
40921.4.2How is drip irrigation better than furrow or Sprinkler Method?
1648.7 Turbulent Velocity Profile
41021.4.3Drip irrigation System Structure
1658.8 Overview from Moody’s Chart
41121.5Fertigation
1668.9 References
41221.5.1Advantages of Fertigation over Conventional Methods of Application
1679 Brief About Sprinkler Irrigation
41321.5.2Functions of Nutrients
1689.1 Sprinkler Irrigation System
41421.5.3Adequate fertigation in Different Stages
1699.2 History of Sprinkler Irrigation System
41521.6References
1709.3 Areas Where Sprinkler Irrigation Systems are mainly used
41622Everything About Oil Crops Irrigation
1719.3.1 Agricultural Fields
41722.1Introduction
1729.3.2 Industrial Areas
41822.2Few oil seeds
1739.3.3 Residential Places
41922.3Until now most of the work on agricultural waste
1749.4 Components of an irrigation system
42022.4Water use in agriculture
1759.5 Operating of Sprinkler Irrigation System
42122.5Production of Oil Crops
1769.6 Underground Water Sprinkler: 9.6.1 Things to Consider for Underground Sprinkler
42222.6Water scarcity and oil crops
1779.7 Micro-Sprinkler Irrigation System
42322.7References
1789.8 Modern Sprinkler
42423Everything about Cereal Crops Irrigation
1799.9 Modern Technology and Sprinkler Irrigation System
42523.1List of main cereal crops
1809.9.1 Moisture Sensing Technology
42623.1.1Rice (mainly Oryza sativa)
1819.9.2 Smart irrigation Controllers
42723.1.2Wheat, Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
1829.9.3 Rotating Sprinkler Nozzles
42823.2Pseudo cereals crops
1839.9.4 Rain Sensors
42923.3Main crops
1849.10 Advantages of a sprinkler irrigation system
43023.3.1Rabi Crops (Arabic term for spring)
1859.11 Disadvantages of using Sprinkler irrigation system
43123.3.2Kharif Crops (Arabic term for autumn)
1869.12 References
43223.3.3Zaid Crops (Arabic term for summer)
18710 A Brief About Drip Irrigation System
43323.4Factors Affecting Cereal Crops Irrigation
18810.1 Introduction to Drip Irrigation System
43423.4.1Climatic Factors
18910.2 Major Components of Drip Irrigation System
43523.4.2Crop Type and Crop Period
19010.2.1 Pump Station
43623.4.3Water Table
19110.2.2 Control Valves
43723.4.4Ground Slope
19210.2.3 Filtration System
43823.4.5Intensity of Irrigation
19310.2.4 Mainlines, Sublines, and Laterals
43923.4.6Conveyance Losses
19410.2.5 5. Drippers or Drip Emitters
44023.4.7Methods of Application of Water
19510.3 History of Drip Irrigation System
44123.4.8Methods of Plowing
19610.4 Working of Drip Irrigation System and its Various Components
44223.4.9Base Period
19710.4.1 Pumps or Pressurized Water Source
44323.4.10Delta of Crop
19810.4.2 Water Filters or Filtration System
44423.5Yield potential of irrigated cereals
19910.4.3 Backwash Controller or Backflow Prevention Device
44523.6Irrigation requirements at different stages of growth
20010.4.4 Pressure Control Valve or Pressure Regulator
44623.7Check method irrigation of cereal crops
20110.4.5 Distribution Lines or Sub Main Line Network
44723.8Current situation of cereal crop irrigation
20210.4.6 Control Valves and Safety Valves
44823.9References
20310.4.7 Laterals
44924Detailed Overview of Irrigating Alfalfa
20410.4.8 Emitters or Drippers
45024.1Irrigating Alfalfa
20510.5 Types of Drip Irrigation System
45124.2Methods of Irrigation
20610.5.1 Surface Drip Irrigation System
45224.2.1Flood Irrigation
20710.5.2 Subsurface Drip Irrigation System
45324.2.2Center Pivot Irrigation
20810.6 Guidelines for maintaining drip irrigation system
45424.2.3Subsurface Drip Irrigation
20910.6.1 General Care
45524.3Biological features of Alfalfa in a drought
21010.6.2 Regular cleaning of Filters
45624.3.1High Water Use
21110.6.3 Chemical Treatment
45724.3.2Root Characteristics
21210.7 Advantages of Drip Irrigation System
45824.4Irrigation Scheduling
21310.8 Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation System
45924.5Strategies for irrigating Alfalfa
21410.9 Summary
46024.6Common system for Alfalfa Irrigation: 24.6.1SDI in Alfalfa
21510.10 Key Points to Remember
46124.7Drip Irrigation’s Benefits and Limitations for Alfalfa
21610.11 References
46224.8Keys to powerful Alfalfa Irrigation
2171The Importance and Evolution of Irrigation in the World
46324.9References
2182Detailed Overview ofSoil-Water Relationship
46425Detailed Overview of Citrus Irrigation
2193Brief About Plant-water Relationship
46525.1What is Citrus?
2204Water Requirements of Crops and Irrigation Rate
46625.2Irrigation of Citrus
2215Soil Salinity And Quality of Water
46725.3Tips while irrigating Citrus
2226Hydraulics of Open Channels
46825.4Warning related to overwatering citrus
2237Measuring the Channel Flow
46925.5Agronomic Characteristics of Citrus
2248Detailed Overview of Pipe Flow
47025.6Water Management for Citrus Orchards
2259
47125.7Methods of Irrigation
22610A Brief About Drip Irrigation System
47225.7.1Gravity irrigation
22711A Brief About Pumps and Pumping in Irrigation System
47325.7.2Sprinkler irrigation
22811.1Pumping System
47425.7.3Micro irrigation
22911.2Objectives of Pumps
47525.8Several Final Points regarding Irrigation
23011.3Pumping System Components
47625.9Water Necessities at Every Developing Stage
23111.4Characteristics of Pumping System
47725.9.1Fruit Set, Flowering and Development of New Flush
23211.4.1Static Head
47825.9.2Fruit Development
23311.4.2Friction Head
47925.9.3Fruit Maturing Platform
23411.4.3Pump Performance Curve
48025.9.4After a Collection of fruit
23511.4.4Pump Operating Point
48125.9.5Manage Citrus Crop and Size with Accurate Irrigation
23611.4.5Pump Suction Performance
48225.9.6The challenge for citrus farmers
23711.5Classification of Pumps
48325.9.7Controlled Plant Growth and Size of Fruit
23811.5.1Positive Displacement Pumps
48425.9.8Controlled Inputs
23911.5.2Centrifugal Pumps
48525.9.9Effective Administration at all periods
24011.5.3Progressive Cavity
48625.9.10Better Disease Control
24111.5.4Electric Submersible
48725.9.11Effective Bahar Management
24211.6Best Uses for Centrifugal Pumps
48825.10References
24311.7General Applications for Centrifugal Pumps
489Useful Values/Units
24411.8Applications of Pumps
490Abbreviations
24511.8.1Priming a Pump
491Glossary
24611.8.2Pumps as Public Water Supplies
492Index
