1Introduction to Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
359Environmental and Social Considerations:
21.1 Importance of Irrigation
3609.5.7 Emerging Trends and Future Directions
31.2 Types of Irrigation Systems
361Digitalization and Building Information Modeling (BIM)
4Surface Irrigation Methods
362Advanced Construction Materials and Technologies
5Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
363a. High-Performance Concrete
6Drip Irrigation Techniques
364b. Self-Healing Concrete
7Water Lifting Devices
365c. Robotics and Automated Construction
81.3 Crops and Water Requirements
366Sustainable Construction Practices
91.4 Irrigation Efficiencies
367a. Sustainable Material Selection
101. Conveyance Efficiency (Ec)
368b. Water Conservation and Reuse
112. Application Efficiency (Ea)
369c. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
123. Distribution Uniformity (DU)
370Conclusion
134. Consumptive Use Efficiency (Ec)
371References
145. Irrigation Efficiency (Ei)
372Storage Works and Penstock
151.5 Irrigation Management
37310.1 Storage Principles
161. Determining Crop Water Requirements
37410.1.1 Purpose and Importance of Storage Works
172. Scheduling Irrigations
37510.1.2 Types of Storage Works
183. Selecting Appropriate Irrigation Method
37610.1.3 Storage Capacity and Yield
194. Land Preparation and Water Distribution
37710.1.4 Reservoir Sedimentation and Management
205. Determining Optimal Depth of Water to Apply
37810.2 Small Earth Dams: 10.2.1 Types and Components of Small Earth Dams
216. Operation and Maintenance
3791. Homogeneous earth dams:
227. Managing Water Quality
3802. Zoned earth dams:: 10.2.2 Site Selection and Investigation
238. Managing Soil Health
3811. Preliminary reconnaissance:
249. Automation
3822. Detailed site investigation:
2510. Record Keeping
3833. Site selection criteria:: 10.2.3 Design Considerations
261.6 Environmental Impacts of Irrigation
3841. Hydrologic design:
271. Depletion of Freshwater Resources
3852. Geotechnical design:
282. Reduction of Downstream Water Availability
3863. Hydraulic design:
293. Land Degradation
3874. Environmental and social considerations:
304. Eutrophication of Water Bodies
3885. Construction materials and methods:
315. Spread of Water Related Diseases
3896. Operation and maintenance:: 10.2.4 Construction Techniques
326. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
3901. Site preparation:
337. Salinization of Soil and Water Resources
3912. Foundation preparation:
348. Waterlogging of Agricultural Lands
3923. Embankment construction:
359. Depletion of Aquatic Ecosystems
3934. Slope protection:
36Conclusion
3945. Spillway and outlet works construction:
37References
3956. Quality control and testing:
38Soil-Water Relationships
3967. Environmental mitigation and restoration:: 10.2.5 Operation and Maintenance
392.1 Soil Composition and Classification
3971. Instrumentation monitoring and data management:
401. Mineral Matter:
3982. Inspections and surveillance:
412. Organic Matter:
3993. Maintenance and repair activities:
423. Water:
4004. Emergency preparedness and response:
434. Air:
4015. Record-keeping and documentation:
445. Living Organisms:
4026. Periodic reviews and updates:
452.2 Soil Water Potential
40310.3 Penstocks and Outlet Works
461. Gravitational Potential
40410.3.1 Penstocks: Penstock Design Considerations:
472. Matric Potential
4051. Hydraulic design:
483. Osmotic Potential
4062. Structural design:
494. Pressure Potential
4073. Appurtenances:
502.3 Infiltration and Percolation Rates
4084. Installation and construction:
511. Infiltration Rate
4095. Environmental considerations:
522. Percolation Rate
41010.3.2 Outlet Works: Outlet Works Design Considerations:
532.4 Soil Moisture Measurement
4111. Hydraulic design:
541. Gravimetric Method
4122. Structural design:
552. Neutron Scattering
4133. Materials selection:
563. Time Domain Reflectometry
4144. Operational and maintenance considerations:
574. Frequency Domain Reflectometry
4155. Environmental considerations:
585. Heat Dissipation Sensors
41610.4 Reservoir Operation and Management
596. Electrical Resistance Blocks
41710.4.1 Reservoir Operations
607. Tensiometers
41810.4.2 Reservoir Sedimentation Management: 10.4.3 Water Quality Management
612.5 Solute Transport in Soils
41910.5 Spillways
621. Diffusion
42010.5.1 Functions and Types of Spillways
632. Convection
421The primary functions of spillways are:: 10.5.2 Spillway Design Considerations
643. Dispersion
4221. Hydrology and flood routing:
654. Adsorption-Desorption
4232. Hydraulic design:
665. Decay and Production
4243. Structural design:
676. Preferential Flow
4254. Operational considerations:
68Conclusion
4265. Environmental considerations:: 10.5.3 Ogee Crest Spillway Design
69References
4271. Crest profile:
70Water Resource Development
4282. Crest length and elevation:
713.1 Hydrologic Cycle Processes
4293. Approach channel and wingwalls:
721. Precipitation
4304. Chute or discharge channel:
732. Evapotranspiration
4315. Energy dissipation:
743. Infiltration and Percolation
4326. Structural design:
754. Surface Runoff
4337. Aeration and cavitation mitigation:
765. Groundwater Flow
4348. Flow control and regulation:: 10.5.4 Chute Spillway Design
776. Streamflow
4351. Inlet and approach channel:
787. Evaporation
4362. Chute dimensions and slope:
798. Transpiration
4373. Flow regime and control structures:
803.2 Precipitation Analysis
4384. Lining and erosion protection:
811. Rainfall Patterns
4395. Energy dissipation:
822. Measurement
4406. Ancillary structures:
833. Depth-Duration-Frequency
4417. Structural design:
844. Mean and Standard Deviation
4428. Construction materials and techniques:
855. Dependent and Independent Storms
44310.5.5 Shaft and Siphon Spillway Design: Shaft Spillway Design:
866. Intensity-Duration-Frequency
4441. Shaft geometry:
877. Probable Maximum Precipitation
4452. Inlet and crest design:
888. Spatial Correlation
4463. Conduit or tunnel design:
893.3 Streamflow and Runoff Estimation
4474. Energy dissipation:
901. Streamflow Measurement
4485. Aeration and venting:
912. Streamflow Analysis
4496. Structural design:: Siphon Spillway Design:
923. Runoff Estimation Models
4501. Siphon geometry and configuration:
934. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships
4512. Priming and depriming:
945. Unit Hydrograph Theory
4523. Conduit design:
956. Synthetic Hydrograph Generation
4534. Energy dissipation:
963.4 Groundwater Occurrence and Movement
4545. Structural design:: 10.5.6 Labyrinth Spillway Design
971. Aquifers
4551. Crest layout and geometry:
982. Porosity and Permeability
4562. Crest and sidewall profiles:
993. Transmissivity and Storativity
457References
1004. Groundwater Zone
458Design of Main Canal
1015. Water Table and Potentiometric Surface
45911.1 Alignment Considerations
1026. Darcy’s Law
46011.2 Design Discharge
1037. Recharge and Discharge
46111.3 Canal Capacity
1043.5 Reservoir and Watershed Management
46211.4 Canal Regulation
1051. Reservoir Planning
46311.5 Canal Structures
1062. Reservoir Capacity
46411.6 Design of Distributary Network
1073. Reservoir Losses
46511.7 Irrigation System Automation
1084. Reservoir Operation
466Conclusion
1095. Sediment Management
467References
1106. Watershed Management
468Irrigation Water Management
1117. Land Management Practices
46912.1 Measurement Methods
1128. Water Harvesting Techniques
4701. Water Flow Rate:
1139. Participatory Approach
4712. Water Level:
1143.6 Water Quality Evaluation
4723. Volume Measurement:
1151. Physical Parameters
47312.2 Soil-Water Relations
1162. Major Ions
4741. Soil Water Retention:
1173. Trace Elements
4752. Infiltration:
1184. Nutrients
4763. Hydraulic Conductivity:
1195. Organic Matter
4774. Soil Moisture Measurement:
1206. Microorganisms
47812.3 Scheduling Irrigation
1217. Water Quality Guidelines
4791. Soil Moisture Status Method:
122Conclusion
4802. Water Budget Method:
123References
4813. Plant Based Methods:
124Wells and Pumps
4824. Climate Based Models:
1254.1 Types of Wells
4835. Pan Evaporation Method:
1264.2 Well Hydraulics
4846. Fixed Interval Method:
1274.3 Pump Classification
4857. Deficit Irrigation:
128Positive Displacement Pumps:: Rotodynamic Pumps
4868. Computer Simulation Models:
1294.4 Pump Performance Characteristics
48712.4 Irrigation Methods
130Total Dynamic Head
4881. Surface Irrigation:
131Head-Discharge Relationship
4892. Sprinkler Irrigation:
132Head-Capacity Curve:
4903. Drip Irrigation:
133Specific Speed (Ns)
4914. Sub-Irrigation:
134Required Power
4925. Manual Irrigation:
1354.5 Pump Selection Criteria
49312.5 Irrigation Efficiencies
1361. Flow Rate and Total Dynamic Head
49412.6 Drainage Requirements
1372. NPSH Available vs NPSH Required
49512.7 Irrigation Water Quality
1383. Liquid Properties
4961. Salinity:
1394. Energy Source
4972. Sodium hazard:
1405. Desired Operational Life
4983. Toxic elements:
1416. Desired Flow Variability Capability
4994. Miscellaneous:
1427. Vibration/Noise Limits
500Conclusion
1438. Purchase and Operating Cost
501References
1449. Monitoring and Control Requirements
502Drainage Engineering
14510. Weight and Size Restrictions: Pump selection follows a hierarchical process:
50313.1 Benefits of Drainage
1464.6 Pump System Design Considerations
50413.2 Surface and Subsurface Drainage
147Piping Design
50513.2.1 Surface Drainage
148Priming Configuration
506Advantages of surface drainage:
149Complex Piping Networks
507Limitations of surface drainage:: 13.2.2 Subsurface Drainage
150Energy Supply
508Pipe Drains
151Instrumentation
509Pipe drain advantages:
152Commissioning
510Pipe drain disadvantages:
153Conclusion
511French Drains
154References
512Drain Envelopes
155Surface Irrigation Methods
513Outlet Systems
1565.1 Border Irrigation
51413.3 Drainage Investigation
157Key Design Elements:
51513.4 Drainage System Design
158Advantages:
51613.5 Surface Drainage Design
159Disadvantages:
517Inlets
160Surge Flow Method:
518Conveyance Channels
1615.2 Basin Irrigation
519Outlet Structures
162Key Design Elements:
520Construction Factors
163Advantages:
52113.6 Subsurface Drainage Design
164Disadvantages:
52213.7 Drainage of Land Development Sites
165Optimal design based on:
523Phase I: Drainage Investigation
1665.3 Furrow Irrigation
524Phase II: Conceptual Drainage Design
167Key Design Elements:
525Phase III: Detailed Drainage Design
168Advantages:
526Phase IV: Tender and Construction
169Disadvantages:
52713.8 Drainage System Modeling
170Analysis and design factors:
52813.9 Construction Inspection
171Improved Design Alternatives:
52913.10 Operation and Maintenance: Surface Drainage O&M
1725.4 Irrigation Scheduling
530Conclusion
1735.5 Surge Flow Irrigation
531References
174Operational Sequence:
532Groundwater Hydrology
175Surge Irrigation Parameters:
53314.1 Aquifer Properties
176Typical values for furrow irrigation:
534Porosity (n)
177Benefits:
535Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
178Design Methodology:
536Transmissivity (T)
179Operational Challenges:
537Storativity (S)
180Conclusion
53814.2 Steady Flow Equations
181References
539Darcy’s Law defines flow velocity:
182Pressurized Irrigation Systems
540Continuity equation defines conservation of mass:
1836.1 Sprinkler Irrigation
541Combining Darcy’s Law and the Continuity Equation gives:
184Main Components:
542Dupuit Equation defines flow to a well:
185Sprinkler configurations include:
54314.3 Groundwater Modeling Software
186Sprinkling patterns and devices include:
544MODFLOW
187Sprinkling hydraulics depends on:
545Visual MODFLOW
188Advantages over surface irrigation:
546Processing MODFLOW for Windows (PMWIN)
189Disadvantages:
547GMS - Groundwater Modeling System
190Design process:
548Visual SHEMAT
1916.2 Drip Irrigation
549AQTESOLV
192System Components:
55014.4 Aquifer Testing
193Popular configurations:
551Grain Size Analysis
194Wetting Patterns:
552Slug Tests
195Advantages:
553Pumping Tests
196Disadvantages:
554Permeameter Tests
197Design Elements:
55514.5 Groundwater Models
1986.3 Hydraulic Design
556Confined Aquifer Models
199Major relationships:: Design Steps:
557Unconfined Aquifer Models
2006.4 Filtration and Maintenance
558Leaky Aquifer Models
201Chemical injection prevents:
559Multi-layered Aquifer Models
202Common treatments:
560Well Field Models
203Routine maintenance requirements:
561Recharge Models
204Reasons for poor distribution uniformity:
562Density-Dependent Flow Models
2056.5 Precision Automation
563Solute Transport Models
2066.6 Water Quality Protection: Additional water protection considerations:
56414.6 Model Development Principles
207Conclusion
565Objectives
208References
566Conceptual Model
209Cross Drainage Works
567Data Collection
2107.1 Canal Falls
568Model Construction
211Types of canal falls include:
569Calibration
212Key components common across falls types:
570Sensitivity Analysis
213Hydraulic analysis calculates:
571Simulations
2147.2 Canal Structures
572Documentation
215Water Level Control Structures: Bifurcation Structures
57314.7 Steady State Modeling
2167.3 Aqueducts and Super Passages
57414.8 Transient Modeling
217Design Considerations
57514.9 Model Calibration: 14.10 Sensitivity Analysis
218Types of Structures
576Conclusion
219Analysis and Design
577References
220Waterway Sizing
578Drainage Water Management
221Structural Design Loads
57915.1 Controlled Drainage Concepts
222Materials and Construction
580Controlled Drainage
223Operation and Maintenance
581Subirrigation
2247.4 Drainage of Irrigated Lands
582Water Table Management
225Need for Drainage
583Conservation Drainage
226Excess water leads to:
584Nutrient Reduction
227Planning and Design
58515.2 System Design Considerations
228Data Collection
586Control Structures
229Design Calculations
587Capacity
230Drainage System Components
588Sub Mains and Laterals
231Surface Drainage
589Elevation
232Subsurface Drainage
590Topography
233Structures
591Precision Leveling
234Pumping Systems
592Monitoring
235Operation and Maintenance
593Operations Plan
236Performance Monitoring
59415.3 Subsurface Drainage Control Design
237Conclusion
595Control Structures
238References
596Drain Profile
239Gated Diversion Headworks
597Lateral Spacing
2408.1 River Diversion Systems
598Control Spacing
241Main Components
599Tailwater Effects
242Design Considerations
600Safety Factors
243Diversion Structures
601Monitoring
244Weirs
602Operations Plan
245Barrages
60315.4 Surface Drainage Control
246PUMP Canal Intakes
604Control Structures
247Design Steps
605Conveyance Design
248Construction and Maintenance
606Level Control
2498.2 Canal Head Regulators
607Retention Storage
250Types of Head Regulators
608Multi-function Channels
251Components
609Water Regulation
252Hydraulic Design
610Operations Planning
253Structural Design
61115.5 Subirrigation Capability
254Gate Selection and Mechanical Systems
612Adequate Water Supplies
255Instrumentation and Control
613Field Elevations
2568.3 Cross Drainage and Communication Works
614Soil Texture
257Cross Drainage Structures
615Saline Conditions
258Design Considerations:
616Shallow Water Table
259Analysis and Design:
617Supplemental Irrigation
260Construction:
61815.6 Water Conservation Effects
261Maintenance:
619Reduced Drainage Outflows
262Communication Works
620Increased Aquifer Recharge
263Components:
621Reduced Irrigation Needs
264Hydraulic Design Principles:
622Conjunctive Water Use
265Construction and O&M:
623Drought Mitigation
2668.4 Sediment Transport and Exclusion
62415.7 Water Quality Benefits
267Sediment Transport Mechanisms
625Reduced Pollutant Loads
268Measurement Techniques
626Increased Denitrification
269Sediment Excluders and Ejectors
627Dilution of Drainage Outflows
270Canal Sediment Carrying Capacity
628Altered Drainage Timing
271Sediment Deposition and Scour
629Fewer Summer Discharges
272Canal Erosion Protection Measures
630Less Channel Erosion
273Maintenance: Desilting, Dredging
63115.8 System Management Approaches
2748.5 Intake Systems
632Crop Root Zone Management
275Intake Types
633Water Table Control
276Weirs
634Soil Moisture Capacity Management
277Pumping Stations
635Daily Fluctuation
278Barrages
636Regional Drainage Management
279Intake Components
637Threshold Induction Control
280Gates and Hoists
63815.9 Performance Evaluation
281Trash Screens
639Control Gate Settings
282Structural Elements
640Observation Well Measurements
283Instrumentation
641Drainage Discharges
284Intake Hydraulics
642Soil Moisture Readings
285Structural Design
643Water Quality Sampling
286Mechanical Equipment
644Crop Yield Measurement
287Inspection and Maintenance
64515.10 Design and Construction
288Conclusion
646Evaluation of Benefits
289References
647System Design
290Gravity Dams
648Installation
2919.1 Forces on Gravity Dams
649Calibration and Testing
2921. Hydrostatic Force
650Documentation
2932. Uplift Force
651Training
2943. Silt Pressure
65215.11 Drainage Simulation Models
2954. Ice Pressure
65315.12 Agricultural Benefits
2965. Wave Pressure
654Higher Crop Yields
2976. Earthquake Forces
655Improved Trafficability
2987. Self Weight
656Delayed Fall Harvest
2998. Uplift and Downstream Water Forces
657Double Cropping
3009.2 Stability Requirements
658Saline Management
3011. Overturning Stability
659Soil Structure Improvement
3022. Sliding Stability
660Conclusion
3033. Stress Limit Stability
661References
3049.3 Material Properties
662Irrigation and Society
305Concrete Strength
66316.1 Agricultural Systems
306Concrete Density
664Subsistence Farming
307Permeability
665Commercial Agriculture
308Thermal Properties
666Plantation Agriculture
309Abrasion Resistance
667Collective Agriculture
310Cracking Behavior
668The Green Revolution
3119.4 Stress Analysis
669Sustainable Agriculture
3121. Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
67016.2 Irrigation Development Scenarios
3132. Structural Modeling
671Indigenous Self-Reliance
3143. Static Analysis
672State-Funding
3154. Transient Analysis
673Foreign Aid
3165. Principal Stresses
674Private Investment
3176. Reinforcement Design
675Community-Driven
3189.5 Excavation and Construction: 9.5.1 Site Preparation and Excavation
67616.3 Policies and Regulations
3199.5.1.1 Geological Investigations
677Water Rights
3209.5.1.2 Diversion of Water
678Subsidies and Taxation
3219.5.1.3 Overburden Removal
679Allocation Administration
3229.5.1.4 Rock Excavation
680Pollution Control
323a. Drill and Blast Excavation
681Conservation Rules
324b. Mechanical Excavation
682Metering and Volumetric Charging
325c. Presplitting and Line Drilling
683Coordinated Management
3269.5.1.5 Foundation Preparation: 9.5.2 Construction of Gravity Dams
68416.4 Integrated Water Management
3279.5.2.1 Construction Materials
685Conjunctive Use
328a. Concrete Gravity Dams: b. Masonry Gravity Dams
686Water Banks and Markets
3299.5.2.2 Formwork and Lifting Systems
687Interbasin Transfers
3309.5.2.3 Contraction Joints
688Desalination
3319.5.2.4 Cooling Systems
689Virtual Water Trade
3329.5.2.5 Instrumentation and Monitoring
690Total Water Cycle Management
3339.5.2.6 Quality Control and Testing: 9.5.3 Environmental Considerations
69116.5 Irrigation and Rural Development
3349.5.3.1 Water Quality and Sediment Control
692Agricultural Transformation
3359.5.3.2 Air Quality and Noise Control
693Income and Equity Effects
3369.5.3.3 Habitat Protection and Wildlife Management
694Employment Generation
3379.5.3.4 Waste Management and Recycling
695Migration Impacts
3389.5.3.5 Cultural and Historical Resource Protection
696Settlement Patterns
3399.5.4 Safety Considerations
697Environmental Sustainability
340Excavation Safety
69816.6 Societal Aspects of Irrigation Projects
341Material Handling and Equipment Safety
699Demographic Change
342Fall Protection and Working at Heights
700Economic Transitions
343Confined Space Entry
701New Social Hierarchies
344Electrical Safety
702Labor Relations
345Emergency Preparedness and Response: 9.5.5 Construction Scheduling and Project Management
703Displacement and Resettlement
346Construction Scheduling
704Cultural Disruption
347Project Management: 9.5.6 Case Studies and Examples
70516.7 Case Study: Aral Sea Basin Irrigation Impacts
348Hoover Dam, United States
70616.8 International Development Assistance
349Excavation and Site Preparation:
707Increased Global Food Production
350Construction Techniques:
708Weak Institutions and Incentives
351Safety and Environmental Considerations:
709Elite Capture and Inequity
352Sardar Sarovar Dam, India
710Inappropriate Technology Transfer
353Excavation and Foundation Preparation:
711Insufficient Maintenance
354Construction Techniques:
71216.9 Case Study: Irrigation Impacts in Pakistan: 16.10 Management Transfer Programs
355Environmental and Social Considerations:
713Conclusion
356Three Gorges Dam, China
714References
357Excavation and Site Preparation:
715Glossary
358Construction Techniques:
716Index
