1Preface
225Where is the Sandstone found?
2Chapter 1. Physical Geology
226Uses
31.1 Basics of Geology in Civil Engineering
2273.2.5 Limestone
41.1.1 History of Physical Geology
228Classification of Limestone
51.1.2 Importance of Geology
229Folk Classification
61.1.3 Branches of Geology
230Dunham Classification
7Physical geology
231Limestone Formation
8Mineralogy
232Where is it found?
9Petrology
233Limestone Characteristics and Properties
10Structural geology
234Uses of Limestone
11Stratigraphy
2353.2.6 Laterite
12Economic geology
236Formation
13Engineering geology
237Uses of laterite
14Mining geology
238Agriculture
15Geophysics
239Building blocks
16Geohydrology
240Road building
17Geochemistry
241Ores
181.1.4 Object and Scope of Geology
2423.2.7 Shale
19Geology to construction Jobs
243Composition of Shale
20Planning
244Colors of Shale
21Design
245Black and Gray Shale
22Execution
246Red, Brown, and Yellow Shale
23Geological in Town and regional planning
247Green Shale
24Geological in Water resources development
248Hydraulic Properties of Shale
251.2 Structure of earth and its composition
249Shale Classification
261.2.1 Crust and Lithosphere
250Classification based on texture
271.2.2 Mantle
251Classification based on mineralogical composition
281.2.3 Core
252Classification based on the type of cementation/cementing materials.
291.3 Weathering
253Classification based on the depositional environment
30Disintegration
254Classification based on the organic matter content
31Decomposition
255Shale Uses
32Denudation
2563.2.8 Quartzite
331.3.1 Types of Weathering
257Physical Properties of Quartzite
34Physical weathering: Thermal effects
258Uses of Quartzite
35Chemical weathering
259Architectural Use
361) Dissolution and Carbonation
260Construction Use
372) Hydration
261Manufacturing Use
383) Hydrolysis
262Decorative and Gemological Use
394) Oxidation
263Stone Tools
40Mechanical Weathering
2643.2.9 Marble: Physical Properties and Uses of Marble
411.3.2 Engineering Importance of Rock Weathering
2653.2.10 Slate
421.3.3 How Weathering Affects the Environment
266Classification
431.3.4 Factors Determine the Rate of Weathering
267Chemical Composition of Slate
44Mineral Composition
268Formation of the Rock
45Type of Lattice
269Uses of Slate: Uses of the Word “Slate”
46Temperature
2703.2.11 Gneiss
47Water and Salt
271Classification and Types of Gneiss
481.4 Soils
272Augen gneiss
49Physical Properties of Soils: Soil Mechanics
273Henderson gneiss
501.4.1 Why is Soil Important to Civil Engineers?
274How Does Gneiss Form?
511.4.2 Different Types of Soil
275Composition and Texture of Gneiss
521. Sand
276Uses of Gneiss
532. Silt: Silt in wet condition
277Commercial Terminology
543. Clay: Clay, when mixed with water
278Gneiss in the Classroom
554. Loam
2793.2.12 Schist
561.4.3 Importance of Soil Studies in Civil Engineering
280How Does Schist Form?
571.5 Landforms and processes associated with river
281Schist Composition
581.5.1 Potholes
282Formation
591.5.2 V-Shaped Valleys
283Where is the Schist Found
601.5.3 Waterfalls (Geological)
284Schist Classification
611.5.4 Rapids
2853.3 Self-Assessment Questions
621.5.5 Meanders
286Chapter 4. Structural Geology and Geophysical Methods
631.5.6 Characteristics
2874.1 Structural Geology
641.5.7 Oxbow Lakes
2884.1.1 Geological Maps
651.5.8 Braided Channels
289Cross-sections
661.5.9 Floodplains
290Strike and Dip
671.5.10 Levees
2914.2 Study of Structures: Folds
681.5.11 Deltas
2924.2.1 Meaning of Folds
691.6 Landform and Process Associated With Wind
2934.2.2 Parts of a Fold
701.6.1 Erosion by Wind and Developed Features
294(i) Axis
71Deflation
295(ii) Axial Plane
72Abrasion
296(iii) Limbs of a Fold
731.6.2 Transportation by Wind
297(iv) Crest of a Fold
741.6.3 Deposition of Sediment by Wind and the Developed Features
298(v) Trough of a Fold
75Sand dunes
299(vi) Wavelength of a Fold
76Barchans
3004.2.3 Classification of Folds
77Transverse Dunes
301Anticline
78Longitudinal dunes
302Terminology of anticlines
79Loess
303Formation processes
801.6.4 Engineering Considerations
304Syncline: Characteristics
811.7 Groundwater
305Monocline
821.7.1 Origin of Groundwater
306Dome
831.7.2 Occurrence of Groundwater
307Basin
841.7.3 Porosity
3084.2.4 Causes of Folding
851.7.4 Vertical Distribution of Groundwater
309Layer-parallel shortening
86Zones of saturation
310Folding in shear zones
87Zones of aeration
311Folding in sediments
881.8 Plate Tectonics
312Igneous intrusion
891.8.1 Key Principles
313Flow folding
901.8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries
3144.3 Faults
91Divergent boundaries
3154.3.1 Components of a Fault
92Convergent boundaries
3164.3.2 Types of Fault
93Transform boundaries
317Normal Faults
94Plate boundary zones
318Reverse Faults
951.8.3 Driving Forces of Plate Motion
319Strike-Slip Faults
96Driving forces related to mantle dynamics
3204.4 Joints
97Plume tectonics
3214.4.1 Meaning of Joints
98Surge tectonics
3224.4.2 Origin of Joints
99Driving forces related to gravity
323(a) Contraction during Formation
100Relative significance of each driving force mechanism
324(b) Expansion and Contraction
1011.9 Earth Quakes
325(c) Crustal Disturbances
102Focus and epicenter: Intensity and magnitude
3264.4.3 Types of Joints
1031.9.1 Causes an Earthquake?
327Shear fractures versus joints
1041. Earthquakes due to superficial movements
3281. Genetic Types of Joints
1052. Earthquake due to volcanic eruptions
3292. Tension Joints in Igneous Rocks
1063. Earthquake due to folding or faulting
330(a) Mural Joints
1071.9.2 Classification of Earthquakes
331(b) Sheet Joints
108a) Depth of focus
332(c) Columnar Joints
109b) Cause of origin
3333. Tension Joints in Sedimentary Rocks
110C) Intensity as basis
3344. Master Joints
1111.9.3 Engineering Considerations
3355. Extension and Release Joints
1121.10 Self-Assessment Questions
3366. Shear Joints
113Chapter 2. Mineralogy
3377. Geometric Types of Joints
1142.1 Basics of Minerals
3384.4.4 Causes and Effects of Joints in Geological Structures
1152.1.1 Physical Properties of Minerals
3394.4.5 Importance of Joints
116Color
3404.4.6 Engineering Considerations for Joints in Rocks
117Streak
3414.4.7 Treatment of Joints
118Streak Test
3424.5 Geophysical Methods
119Hardness
3434.5.1 Seismic Methods
120Cleavage & Fracture
344Seismic Refraction
121Cleavage Type Angles
345Seismic Reflection
122Crystalline Structure
346Borehole Seismic Surveys
123Transparency or Diaphaneity
347Down-hole Survey
124Tenacity
348Cross-hole Survey
125Magnetism
3494.5.2 Gravity Methods
126Luster
350Fundamentals
127Odor
351Surveys
128Taste
352Corrections
129Specific Gravity
353Drift Correction
1302.1.2 Importance of Physical Properties
354Latitude Correction
1312.1.3 Classes of Minerals
355Eötvös Correction
132Silicates
356Topographic Corrections
133Sulfides
3574.5.3 Magnetic Methods
134Carbonates
358Theory
135Oxides
359Instrumentation
136Halides
360Data Acquisition
137Sulfates
361Distortion
138Phosphates
362Data Processing and Interpretation
139Native Elements
3634.6 Self-Assessment Questions
1402.2 Quartz Group
364Chapter 5. Application of Geological Investigations
141Where is Quartz Found?
3655.1 Remote sensing for civil engineering application
1422.2.1 Uses for Quartz
366Geographical Information System (GIS)
143Uses of Quartz in Glass Making
3675.1.1 Remote Sensing Analysis
144Uses of Quartz as an Abrasive
3685.1.2 Applications of Remote Sensing
145Uses of Quartz as a Foundry Sand
369Infrastructure management
146Uses in the Petroleum Industry
370Critical infrastructure protection
147Many Other Quartz Sand Uses
371Site analysis
148Uses for Quartz Crystals
372Reduces cost of management
1492.2.2 Need for Synthetic Quartz Crystals
373Provides detailed geographic information
1502.3 Feldspar Group
374Town planning
1512.3.1 Compositions of Feldspar Group Minerals
375Urban development
1522.3.2 Physical Properties of Feldspar Minerals: Alkali Feldspar Minerals
376Water resources engineering
1532.3.3 Many Types of Feldspar
377Least cost highway alignment
1542.3.4 Barium Feldspars
378Terrain mapping and analysis
1552.3.5 Production and Uses of Feldspar Minerals
379Landslide prediction and analysis
1562.4 Pyroxene Mineral Group
380Provides construction requirements
1572.4.1 Uses of Pyroxene Minerals
381Regional planning
158Spodumene
382Data handling
159Jadeite
3835.2 Geological Conditions Necessary for Construction
160Diopside
3845.2.1 Dams
161Hypersthene and Enstatite
385Selection of Sites
162Construction Materials
386Topographically
163Geologic Occurrence of Pyroxenes
387Technically
164Extraterrestrial Occurrence of Pyroxenes
388Constructionally
165Monoclinic and Orthorhombic Pyroxene
389Economically
1662.4.2 Physical Properties of Pyroxene Minerals
390Environmentally
1672.5 Amphibole
391Necessary Steps in Geological Investigation
168Amphibole Origin and Occurrence
3925.2.2 Reservoirs: Reservoir Rock
1692.5.1 Physical Properties
3935.2.3 Tunnels
1702.6 Mica
394Selection of Tunnel Route (Alignment)
1712.6.1 Classification of Mica Group Minerals
395Selection of Excavation Method
1722.6.2 Occurrence of Mica Group Minerals
396Selection of Design for the Tunnel
1732.6.3 Production
397Assessment of Cost and Stability
1742.6.4 Crystal Structure
398Assessment of Environmental Hazards
1752.6.5 Properties of Mica Group Minerals
399Methods
1762.6.6 Uses of Mica Group Minerals
400Preliminary Surveys
1772.7 Calcite
401Detailed Surveys
1782.7.1 Calcite as Limestone and Marble
4025.2.4 Road Cuttings
1792.7.2 Uses of Calcite in Construction
403Topography as a Factor for Selection Alignment of a Road Project
1802.7.3 Uses in Acid Neutralization
404Lithological Character
1812.7.4 Calcium Carbonate Sorbents
405Geological Structures: Dip and Strike
1822.7.5 Monuments and Statuary
406Weathering
1832.7.6 Many Other Uses
407Groundwater Conditions for Roads and Highways
1842.7.7 Calcite: A Carbon Dioxide Repository
408Geological Problems after Road Construction
1852.8 Gypsum
4095.3 Hydrogeological Investigations
1862.8.1 Uses in Construction
4105.4 Coastal protection structures
1872.8.2 Uses in Consumables
4115.4.1 Types of Coastal Protection Structures
1882.8.3 Other Uses
412Seawalls
1892.9 Self-Assessment Questions
413Bulkheads
190Chapter 3. Petrology
414Groins
1913.1 Basics of Rocks
415Jetties
1923.1.1 Classification of Rocks
416Breakwaters
193Geological classification
4175.5 Investigation of Landslides
194Sedimentary rocks
4185.5.1 Geophysical Methods for the Investigation of Landslides
195Igneous rocks
4195.5.2 Causes for Landslides
196Metamorphic rocks
4205.5.3 Mitigation
197Physical classification
4215.5.4 Types of Landslides
198Stratified rocks
4225.6 Self-Assessment Questions
199Unstratified rocks
423Glossary
200Foliated rocks
424References
201Chemical classification
425Index
202Argillaceous rocks
426A
203Calcareous rocks
427B
204Siliceous rocks
428C
2053.1.2 Distinction between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
429D
206What are Igneous Rocks?
430E
207What are Sedimentary Rocks?
431F
208What are Metamorphic Rocks?
432G
2093.2 Engineering Properties of Rocks
433H
2103.2.1 Granite
434I
211The Best-Known Igneous Rock
435J
212Uses of Granite
436L
2133.2.2 Dolerite
437M
2143.2.3 Basalt
438N
215Types of Basalt
439O
216Petrology
440P
217Columnar basalt
441Q
218Pillow basalts
442R
219Uses of Basalt
443S
2203.2.4 Sandstone
444T
221Sandstone Composition
445U
222Matrix
446V
223Cement
447W
224Sandstone Formation
