1Preface
1246.7.3 Physical Pollution Physical
2Chapter 1. Coastal Ecosystem
1256.7.4 Thermal Effects Heated
31.1 Introduction
1266.7.5 Effects of Pollutants on Water Sediments
41.2 Features of Coastal Ecosystem
1276.7.6 Petroleum Products
51.2.1 Biodiversity
1286.7.7 Water Pollution
61.2.2 Water Quality
1296.7.8 Fertilizers
71.2.3 Coastal Zone
1306.8 Summary
81.3 Linkage with Other Systems
1316.9 Exercise
91.4 Summary
1326.10 References
101.5 Exercise
133Chapter 7. Coral Reefs
111.6 References
1347.1 Characteristics and Distribution: 7.1.1 Types of Coral Reefs
12Chapter 2. Coastal Ecosystem: Types and Wildlife
1357.2 Benefits of Coral Reefs
132.1 Types of Coastal Ecosystem
1367.3 Biodiversity
142.1.1 Salt Marshes
1377.4 Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystems
152.1.2 Mangrove Swaps
1387.5 Summary
162.1.3 Sand Dunes
1397.6 Exercise
172.1.4 Seagrass Meadows
1407.7 References
182.1.5 Coral Reefs
141Chapter 8. Services And Status Of Marine And Coastal Ecosystem
192.1.6 Kelp Forests
1428.1 Habitat loss
202.1.7 Tidal Flats
1438.2 Services provided by coastal systems
212.1.8 Rocky Intertidal
1448.3 Drivers of Change in the Coastal Ecosystem
222.1.9 Maritime Forests
1458.4 Summary
232.2 Marine Wildlife
1468.5 Exercise
242.2.1 Turtles and Crocodiles
1478.6 References
252.2.2 Marine Mammals
148Chapter 9. Coastal Systems And Human Well-Being
262.2.3 Waterbirds
1499.1 Human Well-Being And Ecosystem Services
272.3 summary
1509.2 Good Social Relations
282.4 Exercise
1519.2.1 Spiritual and Cultural Values
292.5 References
1529.2.2 Tourism and Recreation
30Chapter 3. Coastal Landforms
1539.3 Materials for a good life
313.1 Profile of coastal zones
1549.3.1 Food Provision
323.1.1 Backshore Region
1559.3.2 Employment
333.1.2 Foreshore Region
1569.3.3 Other Marketable Goods
343.1.3 Offshore Region
1579.4 Health
353.2 Waves
1589.5 Gaps in Understanding
363.2.1 Geomorphic Processes
1599.6 Summary
373.2.2 Processes Of Coastal Erosion
1609.7 Exercise
38Hydraulic action
1619.8 References
39Abrasion
162Chapter 10. Climate Change
40Attrition
16310.1 Provisioning services
41Corrosion (or) Solution
16410.1.1 Food Provision
423.3 Erosional landforms
16510.1.2 Crop Agriculture
433.4 Depositional landforms
16610.1.3 Livestock and Dairy
443.4.1 Tides
16710.1.4 Wild Fisheries
453.4.2 Beaches
16810.1.5 Timber and Pulp
463.4.3 Spits And Bars
16910.1.6 Biomass-Based Energy
473.4.4 Tombolo
17010.1.7 Water for Domestic Use, Livestock
483.4.5 Barrier Spits And Islands
17110.2 Regulating services
493.4.6 Mudflats
17210.2.1 Helping to Stabilize the Climate
503.5 Summary
17310.2.2 Protecting against Storm and Flood Damage
513.6 Exercises
17410.2.3 Pollination
523.7 References
17510.3 Summary
53Chapter 4. Coastal Vegetation
17610.4 Exercise
544.1 Introduction
17710.5 References
554.2 Importance of Coastal Vegetation
178Chapter 11. Pollution And Coastal Ecosystems
564.3 Loss of Coastal Vegetation
17911.1 Major pollutants and potential impacts
574.3.1 Short-Term Erosion: Dune processes
18011.1.1 Fertilizers, Pesticides, And Agrochemicals
584.3.2 Long-Term Erosion
18111.1.2 Domestic And Municipal Wastes And Sewage Sludge
594.3.3 Other Causes
18211.1.3 Oils
601 - Deforestation
18311.1.4 Heavy metals and trace elements
612- Implementation of mining or farming activities without regulation
18411.1.5 Organic Compounds
624.3.4 Consequences Of Vegetation Degradation
18511.1.6 Plastics
631- Extreme weather changes
18611.1.7 Sediments
642 - Accelerated erosion of soils
18711.1.8 Eutrophication And Algal Bloom
654.4 Impact of Loss of Vegetation: 4.4.1 Coastal Revegetation
18811.1.9 Aquaculture Activities
664.5 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
18911.1.10 Biological Pollution
674.6 Summary
19011.2 Global trends in coastal and marine pollution
684.7 Exercises
19111.3 Fishery degradation
694.8 References
19211.4 Conceptual model for environmental management and restoration
70Chapter 5. Estuaries
19311.5 Summary
715.1 Types of Estuaries
19411.6 Exercise
725.1.1 Tectonic Estuaries
19511.7 References
735.1.2 Bar-Built Estuaries
196Chapter 12. Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM)
745.1.3 Fjord Estuaries
19712.1 Why is change necessary?
755.2 Fresh Water Estuaries
19812.1.1 Defining EBM
765.3 Flora and Fauna
19912.1.2 Ecosystem-Based Management
775.4 Estuaries and Humans
20012.1.3 Ebm Promotes Inter-Sectoral Coordination
785.4.1 Sedimentation
20112.2 How is EBM an improvement on current management?
795.4.2 Pollution from run-off
20212.2.1 The Ebm Spectrum
805.4.3 Industrial And Urban Waste
20312.2.2 Ebm Is Science-Based
815.4.4 Agricultural And Horticultural Run-Off
204Using Science Successfully In Ebm
825.5 Estuaries at Risk
205Decision-Making At Local, National, And International Levels
835.5.1 Land Reclamation
20612.2.3 Ebm Embraces The Precautionary Approach
845.5.2 Pollution
20712.2.4 Costs And Benefits Of Ebm
855.5.3 Overfishing
20812.3 Examining the Core Elements of EBM
865.6 Summary
20912.3.1 Core Element 1: Recognizing connections within and across ecosystems
875.7 Exercises
21012.3.2 Core Element 2: Applying An Ecosystem Services Perspective
885.8 References
21112.3.3 Core Element 3: Understanding And Addressing Cumulative Impacts
89Chapter 6. Mangrove Forests
21212.3.4 Core Element 4: Managing for multiple objectives
906.1 Distribution
21312.3.5 Core Element 5: Embracing Change, Learning, and Adapting
916.2 Definition
21412.4 Visioning Phase: Establish a Foundation for EBM
926.3 Ecological roles of mangrove ecosystems
21512.4.1 Prioritize Threats, Evaluate Management Options, And Examine Trade-Offs
936.3.1 Litter Decomposition And Nutrient Enrichment
21612.4.2 Choose Management Strategies For Ebm Implementation
946.3.2 Food Webs And Energy Fluxes
21712.4.3 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
956.4 Key Species
21812.4.4 Marine Spatial Planning
966.4.1 Flora
21912.4.5 Watershed Management
971. Bacteria
22012.4.6 Fisheries Management: Continue to communicate and educate
982. Fungi and fungus-like protists
22112.5 Summary
993. Microalgae
22212.6 Exercise
1004. Macroalgae
22312.7 References
1016.4.2 Fauna
224Glossary
1021. Zooplankton
225Index
1032. Sponges and Ascidians
226A
1043. Epibenthos, infauna, and meiofauna
227B
1054. Prawns and shrimp
228C
1065. Crabs
229D
1076.5 Threats to Mangroves
230E
108Climatic factor:: Soil:
231F
1096.5.1 Threats To Mangrove Ecosystem
232G
110Natural threats:
233H
111Anthropogenic threats:
234I
1126.5.2 Conservation Of The Mangrove Ecosystem
235K
1136.5.3 Sustainable Use Of Mangrove Ecosystem
236L
1146.5.4 Climate Change Threats
237M
115Sea-level rise
238N
116Mangrove vulnerability to sea-level rise
239O
117Storms
240P
118Precipitation
241R
1196.5.5 Temperature
242S
1206.6 Shrimp Farming
243T
1216.7 Human impact on mangroves
244V
1226.7.1 Chemical Water Pollutants Are Water-Soluble Substances
245W
1236.7.2 Biological Pollutants
246Z
