1Preface
1175.3.18 Arc Radiation
2Chapter
1185.3.19 Ergonomics
31 Arc Welding- an Overview
1195.3.20 Spatter
41.1 History of welding
1205.3.21 Weld Quality
51.2 Terminology
1215.3.22 Joint Preparation
61.2.1 Welding Methods
1225.3.23 Striking the Arc
71.2.2 Basic Terms
1235.3.24 Pores
81.2.3 Joint Types
1245.3.25 Lack of Fusion
91.2.4 Welding Positions
1255.3.26 End Craters
101.3 Distortion
1265.3.27 Post Weld Treatment
111.4 The welding arc
1275.4 Exercise
121.4.1 Spray Arc
128Chapter
131.4.2 Short Arc
1296 Submerged Arc Welding
141.4.3 Magnetic Arc Blow
1306.1 Description
151.4.4 Possible Causes
1316.2 Equipment
161.5 Shielding gases
1326.2.1 Power Sources
171.5.1 Argon (Ar)
1336.2.2 Arc Striking Methods
181.5.2 Helium (He)
1346.2.3 Mechanization Aids
191.5.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1356.3 Filler material
201.5.4 Hydrogen (H2)
1366.3.1 Filler Wires
211.5.5 Nitrogen (N2)
1376.3.2 Flux
221.6 Power sources
1386.4 The effect of the welding parameters
231.6.1 The Importance of the Power Source for the Welding Process
1396.4.1 Welding Speed
241.6.2 Straight Characteristic (constant-voltage characteristic)
1406.4.2 Polarity
251.6.3 Self-regulation of the Arc
1416.4.3 High Arc Voltage
261.6.4 Setting the Current and Voltage
1426.4.4 Welding Current
271.6.5 Dynamic Characteristic
1436.4.5 Wire Size
281.6.6 Welding with Alternating Current
1446.4.6 Wire Angle
291.6.7 Different Types of Welding Power Units
1456.5 Productivity improvements
301.6.8 Motor-generator Sets
1466.5.1 Tandem Welding
311.6.9 The Welding Transformer
1476.5.2 Twin Arc Welding
321.6.10 Welding Rectifier
1486.5.3 Long Stick Out
331.6.11 Welding Inverters
1496.5.4 Cold Wire
341.6.12 Development Trends
1506.5.5 Hotwire
351.6.13 Inverter Control
1516.5.6 Metal Powder Additive
361.6.14 Electric and Welding Characteristics
1526.6 Joint preparation
371.6.15 Controllable Welding Characteristics
1536.7 Risks of weld defects: 6.7.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement
381.6.16 Computer Controls
1546.8 Exercise
391.6.17 Rating Data for Power Sources
155Chapter
401.6.18 The Standard for Welding Power Sources
1567 Welding Methods
411.6.19 Efficiency and Power Factor
1577.1 Pressure Welding Methods
421.6.20 Electrical Safety Requirements
1587.2 Resistance welding
431.6.21 Fire Risks
1597.2.1 Spot Welding
441.7 Exercise
1607.2.2 Important Parameters of Spot Welding
45Chapter
1617.2.3 Seam Welding
462 Glass Welding
1627.2.4 Projection Welding
472.1 Equipment
1637.2.5 Resistance Butt Welding
482.1.1 Acetylene
1647.2.6 Flash Welding
492.1.2 Oxygen
1657.3 Friction welding
502.1.3 Pressure Regulators
1667.3.1 Friction Welding by Rotation of One Part of the Workpiece
512.1.4 Gas Hoses
1677.3.2 Friction Surfacing
522.1.5 Flashback Arrester
1687.3.3 Friction Stir Welding
532.1.6 Welding Torches
1697.4 High-frequency welding : 7.4.1 Induction Welding
542.1.7 Gas Flames
1707.5 Ultrasonic welding : 7.5.1 Equipment
552.1.8 Neutral Flame
1717.6 Explosion welding
562.1.9 Forehand and Backhand Welding
1727.7 Magnetic pulse welding
572.1.10 The Benefits of Gas Welding
1737.8 cold pressure welding
582.2 Exercise
1747.9 Diffusion welding
59Chapter
1757.10 Other Methods Of Welding: 7.10.1 Electroslag Welding
603 Tig Welding
1767.11 Electrogas welding
613.1 A description of the method
1777.12 Stud welding : 7.12.1 Equipment
623.2 Equipment
1787.13 Laser welding
633.2.1 The Welding Gun
1797.13.1 Description
643.2.2 Striking the Arc
1807.13.2 Equipment
653.2.3 The Power Source
1817.13.3 The Co2 Laser
663.2.4 Square Wave Ac
1827.13.4 The Nd: YAG Laser
673.2.5 Thermal Pulsing
1837.13.5 Diode Lasers
683.2.6 Control Equipment
1847.13.6 Protection
693.2.7 The Electrode
1857.13.7 Cladding
703.3 Consumables : 3.3.1 Shielding Gases for Different Workpiece Materials
1867.13.8 Hybrid Welding
713.4 Exercise
1877.14 Electron beam welding
72Chapter
1887.14.1 Description
734 Plasma Welding
1897.14.2 Equipment
744.1 A description of the method : 4.1.1 Classification of Plasma Welding Methods
1907.14.3 The Welding Method
754.2 Equipment
1917.15 Thermite welding
764.2.1 Welding Torch
1927.16 Exercise
774.2.2 Power Source
193Chapter
784.2.3 HF Generator
1948 Soldering and Brazing
794.2.4 Control Equipment
1958.1 General
804.3 Gases for plasma welding
1968.1.1 Description
814.4 The advantages of the plasma method
1978.1.2 Types of Joints
824.5 Exercise
1988.1.3 Definitions
83Chapter
1998.1.4 Different Types of Methods
845 Mlglmag Welding
2008.2 Soft soldering
855.1 Equipment
2018.3 Brazing
865.1.1 Wire Feed Unit
2028.3.1 Braze Welding
875.1.2 Welding Gun and Feeding Properties
2038.3.2 Arc Brazing
885.1.3 Power Source
2048.3.3 Laser Beam Brazing
895.1.4 Cooling Units
2058.4 Exercise
905.2 Setting of welding parameters
206Chapter
915.2.1 Electrode Diameter
2079 The Weldability of Steel
925.2.2 Voltage
2089.1 Carbon steels : 9.1.1 Risks of Cracking
935.2.3 Wire Feed Speed and Current
2099.2 High-strength and extra high-strength steels : 9.2.1 Stainless Steels
945.2.4 Welding Speed
2109.3 Austenitic steels
955.2.5 Inductance
2119.3.1 Alloying Elements
965.2.6 Electrode Extension
2129.3.2 Ferrite Formation
975.2.7 Choice of Shielding Gas
2139.3.3 Intercrystalline Corrosion
985.2.8 Gas Flow Rate
2149.3.4 Stress Corrosion
995.3 Consumables
2159.3.5 Tool Steels
1005.3.1 Filler Wires
2169.3.6 Welding Stresses
1015.3.2 Solid or Cored Wires?
2179.3.7 Ferritic Steels
1025.3.3 Welding Technology
2189.3.8 Martensitic Steels
1035.3.4 Spray Arc Welding
2199.3.9 Ferritic-austenitic Steels
1045.3.5 Short Arc Welding
2209.3.10 Martensitic-austenitic Steels
1055.3.6 Globular Transfer
2219.3.11 Welding of Dissimilar Materials
1065.3.7 Pulsed MIG Welding
2229.4 Exercise
1075.3.8 Cored Wire Welding
223Chapter
1085.3.9 Equipment
22410 Welding Costs
1095.3.10 Structure and Characteristics of Cored Wires
22510.1 Welding cost calculations
1105.3.11 Applications
22610.2 Some welding cost concepts
1115.3.12 Single-wire Methods
22710.3 Cost calculation : 10.3.1 Computer Programs for Welding Cost Calculations
1125.3.13 Tandem and Twin-wire Welding
22810.4 Mechanisation, automation, robot welding
1135.3.14 Arc Spot Welding
22910.5 Exercise
1145.3.15 The Welding Environment
230Appendix
1155.3.16 Fumes and Gases
231Glossary
1165.3.17 Noise
232Index
