1Preface
15212.8.3 Sub-base
21 Roads as a Metric of Development
15312.8.4 Base
31.1 Understanding the Basics
15412.9 Designing of the Pavements Made Out of the Gravel
41.2 Road Development in the Post-Independence Countries
15512.10 Stabilized Pavement Layers
51.3 Roads and Economic Development: How are they related?
15612.11 Stabilized Layer Constructions
61.4 Roads and Poverty: How are they related?
15712.12 Reference
71.5 Roads and the Market-Based Economy: How are they related?
15813 Asphalt Pavements
81.6 Reference
15913.1 Introduction
92 Understanding the Role of Policy
16013.2 Design of Asphalt Pavements
102.1 What is Policy?
16113.3 Overseas Road Note 31
112.2 Understanding Governmental and Organizational Policies
16213.3.1 Design Process of ORN31
122.3 Policy Integration
16313.3.2 Traffic
132.4 Propagating a Policy
16413.3.3 Strength of the Subgrade
142.5 Performance Index of a Policy
16513.3.4 CBR Tests
152.5.1 Monitoring the Policy
16613.3.5 Designing the Pavement
162.5.2 Presentation
16713.4 The AASHTO Method
172.6 Policy Design: 2.6.1 Some Key Issues in Policy Design Process
16813.5 Theoretical and Mechanistic Designs
182.7 Reference
16913.5.1 Linear Elastic Theory
193 Traffic
17013.5.2 Criteria of Failures
203.1 Introduction
17113.6 Materials Required in Construction of Pavements
213.2 Composition of the Traffic
17213.7 Reference
223.2.1 Various Modes of Transport
17314 Road Construction Contracts and Securing Construction Tasks
233.2.2 Commercial Transportation
17414.1 Introduction
243.2.3 Cycle Commuters and Pedestrian Commuters
17514.2 Types of Construction Contracts
253.2.4 Design Models and their Application
17614.3 Methods of Project Execution in Road Construction Contracts
263.3 Growth and Flow of Traffic
17714.4 Agency in Road Construction
273.3.1 Traffic
17814.5 Project Management in Road Construction
283.3.2 Axle Loading
17914.6 Works and Supervision Contracts
293.4 Speed Flow and Capacity
18014.7 Concessions
303.4.1 Capacity
18114.7.1 Terminology for Concessions
313.4.2 Flow Variation
18214.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concessions
323.4.3 Volume of Service
18314.8 External Financing
333.5 Capacity Increment
18414.9 Procurement of Works Through Civil Engineering Contracts: 14.9.1 Partnering: An Innovative Approach to the Procurement of Works
343.5.1 Improvement in Terms of Geometry
18514.10 Steps Involved in the Selection of Administration Engineers
353.5.2 Commercial Transport
18614.11 Selection of Contractor: Basic Approaches
363.6 Various Information and Data on the Traffic Systems
18714.11.1 Prequalification
373.7 Reference
18814.11.2 The Tender
384 Road Safety
18914.12 Reference
394.1 Introduction
19015 The Importance of Supervising a Contract
404.2 Trends and Safety Measurements
19115.1 Introduction
414.3 Patterns of Road Accidents
19215.2 Different Aspects of a Supervision Organization
424.4 Factors Contributing to Accidents
19315.2.1 Staff and Responsibilities
434.5 Road Safety Improvements: 4.5.1 Training and Education
19415.2.2 Supervision Practices
444.6 Reference
19515.3 Maintainance of the Quality
455 Roads and Environments
19615.4 How to Measure the Work?
465.1 Introduction
19715.5 Monitoring the Progress of Work
475.2 Consequences on the Environment and their Mitigation
19815.6 Necessity for Time Extension
485.2.1 Flora and Fauna
19915.7 Claiming Expenses
495.2.2 Air Quality
20015.7.1 Types of Claims
505.2.3 WaterResources
20115.7.2 Procedure to Make a Claim
515.2.4 Soil
20215.8 The Contractor’s Default
525.2.5 Noise
20315.9 Procedure for Supervising a Project
535.2.6 Cultural Heritage
20415.10 Reference
545.2.7 Socio-economic Concerns
20516 Appropriate Technology
555.3 Assessment of the Environmental Impact
20616.1 Introduction
565.3.1 Background
20716.2 Technology Choices
575.3.2 Screening
20816.2.1 Aptness of Technology
585.3.3 Scoping
20916.2.2 Technological Appropriateness
595.3.4 Assessment Methods and Techniques
21016.2.3 Cost-effectiveness
605.3.5 Valuation of Environmental Impacts
21116.2.4 Labor and Equipment Availability
615.3.6 Public Consultation
21216.2.5 Domestic Resources
625.3.7 Environmental Controls and Monitoring
21316.3 Intermediate Methods
635.3.8 Strategic Assessment of Environment
21416.3.1 Institutional Framework
645.4 Reference
21516.3.2 Contractors
656 Methods of Planning
21616.3.3 Labour Issues
666.1 Nature of Planning: 6.1.1 Plan in Road Design
21716.3.4 Technical Issues
676.2 Elements used in Designing
21816.3.5 Tools and Experiment
686.3 Demand Forecasting of Transportation
21916.3.6 Organization of Work
696.4 Planning Application
22016.4 Equipment Management
706.5 Development of Plans and its Implementation
22116.4.1 Basic Principles
716.6 Rural Transport Infrastructure Planning
22216.4.2 Organizational Arrangements
726.6.1 Elements of Rural Transport
22316.5 Reference
736.6.2 Integrated Rural Accessibility Planning Methodology (IRAP)
22417 Management of Road Networks
746.7 Reference
22517.1 Introduction
757 Economic Evaluation of Roads and Highways
22617.2 Concept of Road Network
767.1 Introduction
22717.3 Operations of Road Network
777.2 Purpose of Economic Assessment in Constructing a Road
22817.4 The Network of Road: An Asset or a Liability
787.3 Estimation of Costs in Construction of Roads
22917.5 Management of Road Networks
797.4 Estimation of Benefits in Construction of Roads
23017.6 Auditing and Monitoring
807.5 Economic Assessment for Major and Minor Roads
23117.7 Information System
817.6 Restrictions of Economic Assessment
23217.8 Reference
827.7 Cost-benefit Assessment for Roads
23318 Operations Done for Maintenance
837.8 Reference
23418.1 Introduction
848 Investigation of Soil
23518.2 Categorization of Activities Related to Maintenance
858.1 Introduction
23618.3 Required Precautionary Measures
868.2 Types of Soil Investigations for the Construction of Road
23718.4 Role of Asphalt Pavement
878.2.1 Determination of Moisture Content in Soil
23818.4.1 Process of Sanding
888.2.2 Determination of Soil’s Specific Gravity
23918.4.2 Technique of Local Sealing
898.2.3 Determination and Distribution of Particle Size
24018.4.3 Techniques for Sealing a Crack
908.2.4 Compaction Test
24118.4.4 Methods to Fill Depression
918.2.5 The California Bearing Ratio Test
24218.4.5 Role of Surface Patching
928.3 Evaluation of Obtained Information
24318.4.6 Need for the Base Patching Technique
938.3.1 Map Interpretation
24418.4.7 Importance of Surface Dressing
948.3.2 Interpretation of Air Photo
24518.4.8 Usage of Slurry Seal and Fog Spray
958.3.3 Interpretation of Satellite Image
24618.4.9 What is an Asphalt Overlay?
968.3.4 Terrain Classification
24718.4.10 Prime Causes for Pavement Deterioration
978.4 Investigation of Field
24818.5 Creation of the Unpaved Roads
988.4.1 Geophysical Exploration
24918.6 Maintenance of the Roadside Areas: 18.6.1 Maintaining the Shoulders
998.4.2 Sampling
25018.7 Maintenance of Shoulders
1008.5 Laboratory Testing
25118.8 The Importance of Maintaining the Drainage System
1018.5.1 How to Approach
25218.9 Implementation of the Road Maintenance Tasks
1028.5.2 Distributed Soil Testing
25318.10 Reference
1038.5.3 California Bearing Ratio
25419 Road Investment Model: HDM – 4
1048.6 Classification of Soil
25519.1 Introduction
1058.7 Reference
25619.2 Classification of Analysis
1069 Tropical Soils and Rocks
25719.2.1 Project Analysis
1079.1 Introduction
25819.2.2 Program Analysis
1089.2 Rocks and Their Types
25919.2.3 Strategy Analysis
1099.2.1 Igneous Rocks
26019.3 Highway Management and Role of HDM – 4
1109.2.2 Sedimentary Rocks
26119.3.1 Highways and their Management
1119.2.3 Metamorphic Rocks
26219.3.2 Management Cycle
1129.3 Soil
26319.4 Structure of HDM – 4
1139.3.1 Laterite
26419.4.1 HDM – 4 Modules
1149.3.2 Desert Soils
26519.4.2 Data Required
115٩.٣.٣ Clays
26619.5 Reference
1169.3.4 Volcanic Soils
26720 Institutional Development
1179.3.5 Alluvial Soils
26820.1 The Scenario at Present
1189.4 Reference
26920.2 Basis of an Approach
11910 Hydrological Engineering and Drainage
27020.3 Finance
12010.1 Introduction
27120.3.2 Finances in Road Networks
12110.2 Precipitation
27220.3.3 Major Roads being Financed by Public Sector
12210.3 Flood Discharge Estimation
27320.3.4 Minor Roads being Financed by Public Sector
12310.4 Information on Direct Streamflow
27420.3.5 Major Roads being Financed by Private Sector
12410.5 Representation Technique of the Runoffs
27520.4 Financing Mechanisms
12510.6 Design of Hydrologic Structures: 10.6.1 Hazards
27620.5 Reference
12610.7 Various Components of the Drainage System
27721 Training of Staff
12710.8 Erosion
27821.1 Introduction
12810.9 Conclusion
27921.2 Road Organizations and Training
12910.10 Reference
28021.3 Institutional Issues
13011 Geometric Design
28121.4 Types of Training: 21.4.1 Types of Internal Training
13111.1 Important Elements for Designing of Roads
28221.5 Analyzing the Need for Training
13211.2 Horizontal Alignment: 11.2.1 Horizontal Tangent
28321.5.1 Identifying the Needs
13311.3 Vertical Alignment
28421.5.2 Training Priorities
13411.3.1 Vertical Curvature
28521.5.3 Corresponding Requirements
13511.3.2 Vertical Curves of Minimum Lengths
28621.6 Planning for the Training
13611.4 Phasing: 11.4.1 Mis-phasing and its Types
28721.6.1 A Base for Preparation
13711.5 Alignment Co-ordination
28821.6.2 The Training Environment
13811.6 Intersections
28921.6.3 Trainees
13911.7 AutoCAD Civil 3D (Computer-aided Design)
29021.6.4 The Training Programs
14011.8 Reference
29121.6.5 Contracts and Consultancies for Training of Employees
14112 Earthworks, Unbound and Stabilized Pavements
29221.7 Implementation
14212.1 Introduction
29321.7.1 Communicating with Trainees
14312.2 Clearance and Burrowing
29421.7.2 Monitoring and Feedback
14412.3 Excavation
29521.8 Reference
14512.4 Embankment Construction
29622 Development Aid
14612.5 Compaction
29722.1 Introduction
14712.6 Finishing Operations
29822.2 Resource Transfer
14812.7 Structuring of the Pavements
29922.3 Aid to the Road and Transport Sector
14912.8 Unbound Pavement Layers
30022.4 Modern Techniques used for Managing Financial Aid
15012.8.1 Constituents
30122.5 Reference
15112.8.2 Topping Layer
302Index
