1Preface
207Measurement of Growth of Cultures
2Chapter 1. An Overview of Plant Breeding
208Cell counting
31.1 Introduction
209Packed cell volume
41.2 Plant Breeding: Concept and Definition: 1.2.1 Definition
210Cell fresh weight
51.3 Historical Background of Plant Breeding
211Measurement of Viability of Cultured Cells
61.3.1 Plant Breeding Through the Ages
212Phase-contrast microscopy
7Origins of agriculture and plant breeding
213Evan’s blue staining
8Plant breeding past (pre-Mendelian)
214Fluorescein diacetate method
9Plant breeding present (post-Mendelian)
215Culture of Isolated Single Cells (Single Cell Clones)
101.4 Goals of Plant Breeding: 1.4.1 Concept of Genetic Manipulation of Plant Attributes
216Single cells can be cultured by the following methods:
111.5 Why breed plants?
2173.10 Concept of Cellular Totipotency
121.5.1 Addressing World Food, Feed, and Nutritional Needs
2183.10.1 Callus culture in Cellular Totipotency
131.5.2 Addressing Food Needs for A Growing World Population
2193.10.2 Suspension Culture in Cellular Totipotency
141.5.3 The Need to Adapt Plants to Environmental Stresses
2203.10.3 Biofortification in Cellular Totipotency
151.5.4 The Need to Adapt Crops to Specific Production Systems
221Method of Biofortification
161.5.5 Developing New Horticultural Plant Varieties
222Biofortification and crops
171.5.6 Satisfying Industrial and Other End-Use Requirements
2233.11 Classification of Plant Tissue Culture Technique
181.5.7 Achievements of Modern Plant Breeders
2243.11.1 Embryo Culture of Plant Tissue Culture Technique
191.5.8 Yield Increase
2253.11.2 Meristem Culture
201.5.9 Enhancement of Compositional Traits
2263.11.3 Anther or Pollen Culture: Application
211.5.10 Crop Adaptation
2273.11.4 Tissue and Cell Culture
221.6 The Green Revolution
228Primary Culture
231.6.1 Benefits of the Green Revolution
229Cell Line
241.6.2 Issues with the Green Revolution
230Cell Strain
251.6.3 Strategies of Green Revolution
231Application of Cell Culture
261.7 Evaluation of Plants
2323.12 Current and future status of plant tissue culture
271.7.1 Qualitative Characters
2333.13 Self-Assessment Questions
281.7.2 Quantitative Characters
2343.14 References
291.8 Methods of Plant Breeding
235Chapter 4. Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding Current Status and Recent Advancements
301.8.1 Mating Systems
2364.1 Introduction
311.8.2 Breeding Self-pollinated Species
2374.2 Molecular Markers: Principles, Types and Applications
321.8.3 Mass Selection
2384.3 DNA Markers: Definition, Properties and Applications
331.8.4 Pure-line Selection
2394.3.1 Definition of DNA Markers: Types of Markers
341.9 Branches of Plant Breeding
2404.4 Prerequisites for an Efficient Marker-Assisted Breeding Program
351.9.1 Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding: Impact of Agriculture
2414.5 Activities of Marker-Assisted Breeding
361.9.2 Stress Breeding
2424.6 Marker-Assisted Selection
371.9.3 Mutation Breeding
2434.6.1 MAS Procedure and Theoretical and Practical Considerations
38Importance of variation in plant breeding
2444.6.2 MAS for Major Genes or Improvement of Qualitative Traits
39Importance of mutation in creating variation
2454.6.3 MAS for Improvement of Quantitative Traits
40Naturally occurring mutations
2464.7 Current Status of Applications of MAS in Agriculture
41Mechanics of mutation
2474.7.1 Crops
42Types of mutation
2484.7.2 Forestry
43Mutagens and implications of each
2494.7.3 Livestock
44Ionizing Radiation
2504.7.4 Aquaculture
45Chemical Mutagens
2514.8 Factors Relevant to Applying MAS in Developing Countries
46Transposable Elements
2524.8.1 Economic Factors
47Use of Mutation in Plant Breeding
2534.8.2 MAS Versus Conventional Methods
48Screens and efficiency
2544.8.3 MAS Versus Other Biotechnologies for Genetic Improvement
49Mutation breeding in Self Fertilizing Species
2554.8.4 IPR Issues
50Mutation breeding in Cross Fertilizing Species
2564.9 Marker-Based Breeding and Conventional Breeding: Challenges and Perspectives: 4.9.1 Higher Startup Expenses and Labor Costs
51Mutation breeding in vegetatively propagated species
2574.10 Self-Assessment Questions
52Mutation breeding in seed propagated species
2584.11 References
53Ploidy and how it affects mutation breeding
259Chapter 5. Management and Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
54The Future of mutation breeding
2605.1 Introduction
551.9.4 Polyploidy Breeding
2615.2 Plant Genetic Resources
56What is polyploidy?
2625.2.1 Definition of Genetic Resources
57Polyploidy in Plant Evolution
2635.2.2 Change from Nomadic Life to Settled Agriculture
58Polyploidy in Plant Breeding
2645.2.3 Why are Plants an Important Genetic Resource for the Future?
59Advantages of Polyploidy
2655.3 Germplasm and Plant Breeding
60Creating Polyploids
2665.3.1 Kinds of Germplasm
61Transgenic breeding: Why do we want to make transgenic crops?
267A. Landraces
62Molecular breeding
268B. Obsolete Cultivars
63Development of high-density genetic linkage maps
269C. Modern Cultivars
64QTL mapping in bi-parental populations
270D.Advanced Breeding lines
65Genome-wide association mapping
271E.Wild forms of Cultivated Species
66Diversity analysis using high-density GBS SNPs
272F. Wild Relatives
67Future challenges in molecular breeding
273G. Mutants
681.9.5 Maintenance Breeding
2745.3.2 Why is the Conservation of Germplasm Important?
691.9.6 Tree Breeding
2755.3.3 Centers of Origin and Diversity in Plants
70Tree breeding creates new growth
276Types of Centers of Diversity of Crops
71The long-term breeding program steers the implementation
277Primary Centers of Diversity
72Coastal Tree Breeding
278Secondary Centers of Diversity
73Interior Tree Breeding
279Micro center
741.10 Role of plant breeding
2805.3.4 Sources of Germplasm
751.10.1 The Roots of Human Culture
281Domesticated plants
761.10.2 We Eat Cultivated Plants – not Wild Plants
282Commercial cultivars
771.10.3 Royalty Under Threat
283Breeding materials
781.10.4 Creating Resistance
284Landraces
791.10.5 The Right Path to more Sustainability
285Plant introductions
801.11 Future Prospects of plant breeding : 1.11.1 Scope of Plant Breeding (Future Prospects)
286Genetic stock
811.12 Self-Assessment Questions
287Undomesticated plants
821.13 References
288Other species and genera
83Chapter 2. Plant Reproductive Systems
2895.4 Gene Pool in Plant Breeding
842.1 Introduction
2905.4.1 Primary Gene Pool (GP1)
852.2 Reproduction in Plants
2915.4.2 Secondary Gene Pool (GP2)
862.3 Sexual Reproduction
2925.4.3 Tertiary Gene Pool (GP3)
87Sexual lifecycle of a plant (alternation of generation)
2935.5 Genetic Vulnerability and Plant Breeding
88Duration of plant growth cycles
2945.5.1 Importance of Genetic Diversity
89Annual
2955.5.2 Causes of Genetic Vulnerability
90Biennial
296Widespread of Dominant Varieties
91Perennial
297Failure of Vertical Resistance
92Monocarp
298Inadvertent Breeding for Susceptibility
93The flower structure
2995.5.3 Mechanism of Genetic Vulnerability
94General reproductive morphology
3005.5.4 Key Factors in Genetic Vulnerability Induced Crop Failure
95Flower Morphology
3015.5.5 What plant Breeders can do to Address Crop Vulnerability?
96Types of flowers
302Reality check
97Gametogenesis
303Use of wild germplasm
98Pollination and fertilization
304Paradigm shift
992.4 Self-pollination and Cross-pollination
305Use of biotechnology to create new variability
1002.4.1 Mechanisms that Promote Autogamy
306Gene pyramiding
1012.4.2 Mechanisms that Prevent Autogamy
3075.6 Wild (exotic) Germplasm in Plant Breeding
102Self-incompatibility
3085.7 Plant Genetic Resources Conservation
103Self-incompatibility systems
3095.7.1 Why Conserve Plant Genetic Resources?
104Heteromorphic incompatibility
310Genetic erosion
105Homomorphic incompatibility
311Natural factors
106Sporophytic incompatibility
312The action of crop producers
107Changing the incompatibility reaction
313Action of breeders
108Plant breeding implications of self-incompatibility
314Problems with germplasm conservation
109Male sterility
315General public action
110True male sterility
3165.7.2 Approaches to Germplasm Conservation
111Exploiting male sterility in breeding
317In situ conservation
112Dichogamy
318Purpose and Use of In-Situ Conservation Strategies
1132.4.3 Genetic and Breeding Implications of Autogamy
319Advantages of in-situ conservation:
1142.5 Artificial Pollination
320Ex-situ conservation
1152.5.1 Methods of Artificial Pollination
321Seed gene bank
116Method I
322Gene bank
117Method II
323Cryopreservation
118Method III
324Tissue culture bank
1192.5.2 Artificial Pollination Control Techniques
325Long term captive breeding
120Mechanical control
326Botanical gardens
121Chemical control
327Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
122Genetically control
3285.8 Germplasm Collection
1232.6 Asexual Reproduction system
3295.8.1 Types of Plant Germplasm Collections
1242.6.1 General Features of Asexual Systems
330Base collections
125Reproduction by fragments
331Backup collections
126Reproduction by special asexual structures
332Active collections
1272.6.2 Types of Asexual Reproduction
333Working or breeders’ collections
128Binary Fission
3345.9 Management of Plant Genetic Resources
129Fragmentation
335Regeneration
130Regeneration
336Characterization
131Budding
337Evaluation
132Vegetative Propagation
338Monitoring seed viability and genetic integrity
133Spore Formation
339Exchange
1342.6.3 Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
3405.9.1 Issue of Redundancy and the Concept of Core Subsets
1352.6.4 Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
3415.9.2 Germplasm Storage Technologies
1362.6.5 Asexual Reproduction Examples
342Seed storage
1372.7 Mendelian Concepts in Plant Breeding
343Field growing
1382.7.1 Mendelian Postulates
344Cryopreservation
139Law I
345In vitro storage
140Law II
346Molecular conservation
141Concept of genotype and phenotype
3475.9.3 Using Genetic Resources
142Predicting genotype and phenotype
348Perceptions and challenges
143Distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous individuals
349Concept of Pre-breeding
144Test cross
3505.10 Plant explorations and their impact on agriculture
145Progeny Test
351Plant explorations: Plant introductions
1462.7.2 Complex Inheritance
3525.10.1 International Conservation Efforts
147Incomplete dominance and codominance
3535.11 Self-Assessment Questions
148Multiple alleles of the same gene
3545.12 References
149Multiple genes
355Chapter 6. New Plant-Breeding Techniques (NBTs)
150Polygenic inheritance
3566.1 Introduction
151Concept of gene interaction and modified Mendelian ratios
3576.2 Seed and Seed Technology: Introduction, Definition and Importance
152Pleiotropy
3586.2.1 Definitions of Seed Technology
1532.7.3 Importance of Reproduction to Plant Breeding
3596.2.2 Concept of Seed Technology
1542.8 Self-Assessment Questions
3606.2.3 Goals of Seed Technology
1552.9 References
3616.2.4 Seed Production Techniques
156Chapter 3. Plant Tissue Culture
362Technique # 1. Selection of Soil:
1573.1 Introduction
363Technique # 2. Raising of Seedlings:
1583.2 Plant Tissue Culture: Basic Concept
364Technique # 3. Direct Sowing of Seeds:
1593.3 History of Plant Tissue Culture
365Technique # 4. Preparation of Land and Transplanting of Seedlings:
1603.4 Application of Tissue Culture in Crop Improvement
366Technique # 5. Isolation Requirement:
161Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
367Technique # 6. Management of Annuals:
162Wide Hybridization
368Technique # 7. Rogueing:
163In-vitro Fertilization
369Technique # 8. Insects, Pests and Diseases:
164Embryo Culture: Protoplast Fusion
370Technique # 9. Harvesting and Storage of Seeds:
165Haploids
3716.3 Reverse Breeding: Accelerating Innovation
166Somaclonal Variation
3726.3.1 Where Reverse Breeding could be Applied?: Hybrid vigor
167Micropropagation
3736.4 Cisgenesis and Intragenesis - A Sustainable Approach for Crop Improvement: 6.4.1 Application of Cisgenesis and Intragenesis to Improve Traits in Relevant Crops
168Synthetic Seed
3746.5 Grafting on GM Rootstock (Transgrafting)
169Pathogen Eradication
3756.5.1 The Concept of Transgrafting
170Germplasm Preservation
3766.5.2 Intended Modifications
1713.5 Tissue Culture in the Recent Past
3776.5.3 Potential Unintended Effects of the Modification
1723.5.1 Cell Behavior
3786.5.4 Characteristics of the New Traits from Examples of Plants Obtained with Transgrafting
1733.5.2 Plant Modification and Improvement
3796.5.5 Risk Relevant Issues
1743.5.3 Pathogen-Free Plants and Germplasm Storage
3806.6 Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis: Accelerating Innovation : 6.6.1 Benefits
1753.5.4 Clonal Propagation
3816.7 Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) technology
1763.5.5 Product Formation
3826.7.1 DNA-binding Domain
1773.6 Benefits of Plant Tissue Culture: Advantages of Tissue Culture
3836.7.2 DNA-cleavage Domain
1783.7 Basic Structure and Growth of a Plant
3846.7.3 Gene Therapy Application
179Determinate growth: Indeterminate growth
3856.7.4 Potential Side Effects
1803.8 Conventional Plant Breeding and Plant Tissue Culture: Terms Used in Tissue Culture
3866.8 Self-Assessment Questions
1813.9 Types of Culture
3876.9 References
1823.9.1 Basic Technique of Plant Tissue Culture
388Glossary
1833.9.2 Callus Culture
389Index
184Explants for callus culture
390A
185Factors Affecting Callus Culture
391B
186Physical factors
392C
187Growth regulators
393D
188Suspension culture from callus:
394E
189Applications of Callus Cultures
395F
1903.9.3 Cell Culture
396G
191Applications of Cell Cultures
397H
192Cell Culture Technique
398I
193Isolation of Single Cells
399L
194From plant organs
400M
195Mechanical method
401N
196Enzymatic method
402O
197From cultured tissues
403P
198Suspension Cultures — Growth and Subculture
404Q
199Types of Suspension Cultures
405R
200Batch cultures
406S
201Continuous cultures
407T
202Open continuous cultures
408U
203Closed continuous cultures
409V
204Synchronization of Suspension Cultures
410W
205Physical methods
411Y
206Cold treatment
412Z
