1Preface
189Cultural practices
2Chapter 1. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
190Regulation of fertility level and nutrient balance
31.1 Plant Biotechnology: An overview
191Handling practices
41.1.1 Genetic Engineering
192Control of insect vectors
5Public Concern
193Chemical control
6Economic Goals
194Biological control
7Nutritional Goals
195Therapy
8Novel Products
196Host resistance and selection
9Plant Tissue Culture
197Variable resistance
10Micropropagation
1984.3 Obtaining disease-resistant plants: 4.3.1 The use of Genetic Engineering in Developing Disease-resistant Plants
111.1.2 Steps in Genetic Engineering
1994.4 Classification of Plant Diseases by Causal Agent
121.2 Plant Biotechnology: Meaning and Definition: 1.2.1 Plant Biotechnology Defined
2004.4.1 Noninfectious Disease-causing Agents
131.3 History of Agricultural Biotechnology: How Crop Development has evolved?
201Adverse environment
14Selective Cross Breeding
202Toxic chemicals
15Classical Breeding with Induced Mutation: Genetic Engineering of Organisms
203Physical injury
161.4 Benefits of Plant Biotechnology
2044.4.2 Infectious Disease-causing Agents
171.4.1 Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture
2054.5 Breeding for Disease Resistance
181.4.2 Benefitting the Environment
2064.5.1 Historical Background for Breeding for Disease Resistance
191.4.3 A Record of Safety
2074.5.2 Categorization of Resistance to Diseases
201.4.4 Adoption by Farmers
208Vertical and Horizontal Resistance
211.5 Methods and Success of Plant Biotechnology
209Systemic Acquired Resistance
221.5.1 Methods in Plant Biotechnology
2104.5.3 Genetics of Disease Resistance
23i. Tissue and Cell Culture
2114.6 Methods of Breeding for Disease Resistance
24ii. Recombinant DNA
2124.6.1 Backcross Method
251.5.2 Successes and Potential of Plant Biotechnology
2134.6.2 Pedigree Method
26i. Micro-Propagation:
2144.7 Plant disease Resistance through New breeding techniques
27ii. Plant Protection:
2154.8 Self-Assessment Questions
28iii. Herbicide Resistances:
216Chapter 5. Chloroplast Biotechnology for Crop Improvement
29iv. Insect Pests and Disease Resistance
2175.1 Chloroplasts: Definition, Structure and Functions
301.6 Plant Transformation Methodology
2185.1.1 Chloroplast Definition
311.6.1 Selection of Transformed Plant Cells
2195.1.2 Chloroplast Structure
321.6.2 Regenerating Whole Transformed Plants
220Structure of Chloroplasts
331.7 Importance of Plant Biotechnology
221Origin of Chloroplasts?
341.8 Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology
2225.1.3 Function of Chloroplast Membranes
351.8.1 Technology-Inherent Risks
2235.2 Chloroplast biotechnology—an overview
361.8.2 Principles, Practices, and Experience
2245.2.1 Organization of Chloroplast DNA Biotechnology
371.8.3 Toward an International Biosafety Protocol
2255.2.2 Chloroplast Genome Organization
381.8.4 Effects on Human Health
226Sequence Replication and Inversion
391.8.5 Risks to the Environment
227Transposable Elements
401.8.6 Technology-Transcending Risks
2285.2.3 Chloroplast Genomes
411.8.7 Regulatory Systems
2295.2.4 Chloroplast Genome and Its Evolution
421.8.8 Intellectual Property Management
2305.2.5 Functions
431.9 Plant Biotechnology and the Future of Agriculture
2315.2.6 Nuclear Encoded and Chloroplast Encoded Genes for Chloroplast Proteins
44Benefits, Risks, and Public Concerns
2325.2.7 Genome Interactions
45Plant Biotechnology at the National Level
233Nuclear genome
46Herbicide resistance
234Plastid genome
47Insect Resistance
235Mitochondrial genome
48Disease Resistance
236Genome cooperation
49Plant Products of Biotechnology
2375.3 Making better crops through chloroplast engineering
50Agricultural technologies over the ages
2385.4 Mitochondria: Definition, Structure, and Function
51Genomics in Agriculture
2395.4.1 Mitochondria Definition
52Synteny
2405.4.2 Structure of Mitochondria
53Bio-fortification
241Outer Membrane
54Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries
242Inner Membrane
551.10 Self-Assessment Questions
243Intermembrane Space
56Chapter 2. Plant Cell Structure and Function
244Matrix
572.1 Cell: An introduction
2455.4.3 Function of Mitochondria
582.1.1 What is a Cell?
246Mitochondrial DNA
592.1.3 Characteristics of Cells
247Mitochondrial Disease
602.1.4 Types of Cells
2485.4.4 Plant Cell Mitochondria
61Prokaryotic Cells
2495.4.5 Animal Cell Mitochondria
62Eukaryotic Cells
2505.5 Protein Targeting and Translation
63A Comparison
2515.5.1 Cytoplasmic Translation and N-terminal Transit Sequences
642.2 Plant Cell Structure
2525.5.2 Phosphorylation, Chaperones, and Transport
652.2.1 Cell Wall
253Protein Targeting
662.2.2 Cell Membrane
254Overview of cellular shipping routes
672.2.3 Nucleus
255The Endomembrane System and Secretory Pathway: Signal peptides
682.2.4 Plastids
256Transport through the Endomembrane System
69Leucoplasts
257Targeting to non-endomembrane organelles
70Chloroplasts
2585.6 Other Plastids
71Chromoplasts
2595.6.1 Chloroplast Vector Systems for Biotechnology Applications
722.2.5 Central Vacuole
260Genome Organization and Concepts of Chloroplast Transformation
732.2.6 Golgi Apparatus
261Reporter Genes Used in Plastids
742.2.7 Ribosomes
262Stability of Expressed Proteins in Chloroplasts
752.2.8 Mitochondria
263Plastids as Biopharmaceutical Bioreactors
762.3 Plant Cell Types
264Plastids as Vaccine Bioreactors
772.3.1 Parenchyma Cells
2655.6.2 Advantages of Plastid Transformation
78Parenchyma cell definition
2665.6.3 Challenges for Plastid Transformation
79Structure of parenchyma cells
2675.7 Self-Assessment Questions
802.3.2 Collenchyma Cells: Collenchyma cell definition
268Chapter 6. Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology
812.3.3 Sclerenchyma Cells
2696.1 An overview of Tissue Culture
822.3.4 Xylem Cells
2706.2 History of Plant Tissue Culture
832.3.5 Phloem Cells
2716.2.1 The Recent Past
842.3.6 Meristematic Cells
272Cell Behavior
852.3.7 Epidermal Cells
273Plant Modification and Improvement
862.3.8 Plant Cell Functions
274Pathogen-Free Plants and Germplasm Storage
872.3.9 Photosynthesis
275Clonal Propagation
882.4 Cell Growth and Division
276Product Formation
892.4.1 Cell growth: the Cell Cycle
2776.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plant Tissue Culture
902.4.2 Cell Division
2786.3.1 Advantages of Tissue Culture
91Mitosis
2796.3.2 Disadvantages of Tissue Culture
92Meiosis
2806.4 Basic Structure and Growth of a Plant
93Nuclear Division and Cytokinesis
281Types of Plant Cells:
94Alternation of Generations
282Tissue Types:
952.5 Self-Assessment Questions
283Vascular Plants
96Chapter 3. Plant Genome: The Organization and Expression of Plant Genes
284Transport in Plants:
973.1 Overview of Plant Genomics
285Ascent of Xylem SAP:
983.1.1 History of Plant Genomics
286Plant Reproduction:
993.1.2 Structural and Functional Genomics
287The Flower:
1003.1.3 Breeding Strategies to Enhance Yield
288Pollen Development:
1013.2 Organization of the Plant Genome in Chromosomes
289Ovule Development:
1023.2.1 Plant Nuclear Genomes
290Pollination:
1033.2.2 Non-nuclear Genomes and DNA Sequences
291Structure of the Mature Seed:
104Composition of Nuclear DNA
292Development of Fruit:
105Genome size or Nuclear DNA Content
2936.5 Tissue Culture and its Types - Applications, Techniques and Processes
1063.3 Chromosome: Structure and Functions
294Types of Culture
107The Structure of DNA
295Callus culture
108Law of Complementary Base Pairings
296Organ culture
109DNA Function
297Organized organ culture
1103.3.1 Chromosome Structure
298Unorganized organ culture
111Bacterial Chromosome
299Cell culture
112Prokaryotic Chromosome
300Protoplast culture
113Eukaryotic Chromosomes
3016.5.1 Applications of Tissue Culture
114Human Chromosomes
3026.5.2 Major Steps of Plant Tissue Culture
115Sex Chromosomes
303Initiation Phase (Stage 1)
116Homologous Chromosomes
304Multiplication Phase (Stage 2)
1173.3.2 Function of Chromosomes
305Root formation (Stage 3)
118Chromatin
3066.5.3 The Process of Plant Tissue Culture
119Chromosome Packaging
307Medium preparation
120Chromosome Number
308Plant preparation
121Chromosome Size
309Transferring the plant material to a tissue culture medium
1223.3.3 Morphological features of Chromosomes
310Replace the lid/cap and close tightly
123Telomeres
311Some of the major reasons tissue culture is used for plants include:
124Centromeres
3126.5.4 Technique for Plant In Vitro Culture
125The rRNA Sites and the Nucleolus
313Micropropagation
1263.3.4 The Significance of Chromosome Organization
314Large Scale Production
1273.4 Plant Genome Editing
315Disease-free plants
1283.4.1 Genome-Editing Applications and Tools
316Conservation and Preservation
129Zinc-finger nucleases
317Somatic cell genetics - Used for haploid production and somatic hybridization
130Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
318A. Fusion of Protoplasts:
131CRISPR/Cas9 system
319Spontaneous fusion:
1323.5 Novel technical breakthroughs
320Mechanical fusion:
1333.5.1 Base Editing
321Induced fusion:
1343.5.2 DNA-free Genome Editing Systems
322Treatment with sodium nitrate:
1353.5.3 CRISPR/Cpf1 System
323High pH and high Ca2+ ion treatment:
1363.6 Prospects and Future Directions
324Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment:
1373.6.1 Multiplexing and Trait Stacking in Crop Breeding
325Electro-fusion:
1383.6.2 High-throughput Mutant Libraries
326Biochemical methods:
1393.6.3 Gene Regulation
327Visual methods:
1403.7 Comparative Genome Mapping and Model Systems
328Cytometric methods:
1413.7.1 RFLP and AFLP as Tools to Map Genomes and Detect Polymorphisms
329Morphology of hybrid plants:
1423.7.2 Plant Genome Projects: Functional Genomics and Proteomics
330Isoenzyme analysis of hybrid plants:
1433.8 Plant Genome Structure and Gene Families
331Chromosomal constitution:
1443.8.1 The RecQ Gene Family: RecQ Homologues in Eukaryotes
332Molecular techniques:
1453.8.2 Protein-coding Gene Families: Classification of Plant Protein-coding Genes into Families
333Symmetric and asymmetric hybrids:
1463.9 How plant genomics is important for agriculture?: The Value of Agricultural Plant Genomics to Society
334Cybrids:
1473.10 Self-Assessment Questions
335Hybrids and Somatic Incompatibility:
148Chapter 4. Plant Disease Resistance
336Methodology of Cybridization:
1494.1 Diseases – a Normal Part of Nature : 4.1.1 Definitions of Plant Disease
337Genetic recombination in Asexual or Sterile Plants:
1504.2 Nature and importance of Plant Diseases
338Overcoming Barriers of Sexual Incompatibility:
1514.2.1 Plants Disease caused by Bacteria
339A Novel Approach for Gene Transfer:
152Morphology
340Applications of Cybrids:
153Control
3416.6 Scope of Plant Tissue Culture In Crop Improvement
1544.2.2 Plants Disease caused by Viruses
3426.6.1 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
155Morphology
3436.6.2 Wide Hybridization
156Pathogen Biology
3446.6.3 Embryo Culture
157Control
3456.6.4 Protoplast Fusion
1581. Genetic Host Resistance
3466.6.5 Haploids
1592. Cultural Practices
3476.6.6 Somaclonal Variation
1603. Chemical Applications and Biological Control
3486.6.7 Micropropagation
1614. Government Regulatory Measures
349Synthetic seed
1624.2.3 The major types of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi
350Pathogen eradication
1631. Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast)
351Germplasm preservation
1642. Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)
3526.7 Self-Assessment Questions
1653. Puccinia spp. (wheat rust)
353Glossary
1664. Fusarium Graminearum (head blight)
354References
1675. Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium wilt)
355Index
1686. Blumeria graminis (powdery mildew)
356A
1697. Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici blotch disease)
357B
1708. Colletotrichum spp.
358C
1719. Ustilago maydis (corn smut)
359D
17210. Melampsora lini (flax rust)
360E
173Classical Genetic Studies
361F
174Molecular Studies
362G
175Disease development and transmission
363H
176Pathogenesis and sporogenesis
364I
177Epiphytotics
365L
178Temperature
366M
179Relative humidity
367N
180Soil moisture: Potato scab
368O
181Soil pH
369P
182Soil type
370R
183Soil fertility
371S
184Principles of Disease Control
372T
185Exclusion and avoidance
373U
186Eradication
374W
187Protection
375X
188Regulation of the environment
376Z
