1Preface
13910.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
21 Introduction
14010.5 Total Suspended Solids
31.1 What Is Water?
14110.6 Color
41.1.1 Properties of Water
14210.7 Temperature
51.1.2 Odour and Taste
14310.8 Conductivity
61.1.3 Appearance and Color
14410.9 Concluding Words
71.1.4 Hydrology and Water Distribution on Earth
14511 Chemical Characteristics of Water
81.1.5 Water Cycle
14611.1 What is water?
91.2 Water Resources and Related Problems
14711.2 Common chemical characteristics of water
101.2.1 Sources of Freshwater
14811.2.1 Inorganic Minerals
111.2.2 Increasing Water Scarcity
14911.2.2 pH value of Water
121.3 Ecological Implications of Water: 1.3.1 Climate Change
15011.2.3 Hardness of Water
131.4 Properties of Water
15111.3 Organic Indicators of water quality
141.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
15211.3.1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
151.4.2 Biological Properties of Water
15311.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
161.5 Conclusion
15411.4 Dissolved Gases
171.6 References
15511.4.1 Solubility of Gases
182 Water Resources Units
15611.4.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
192.1 What are the water resources?: 2.1.1 Renewable and Non-renewable Water Resources
15711.5 Microscopic and Bacterial characteristics of water
202.2 water measurement units: 2.2.1 Conversion Table
15811.6 Chemical constituents of water: 11.6.1 Sampling Method for Analysis
212.3 Hydrologic unit map: 2.3.1 Classification of the Map
15912 Biological Characteristics of Water
222.4 of groundwater recharge from rainfall
16012.1 Water quality
232.4.1 Water Level Fluctuation Method
16112.2 Biological characteristics of water
242.4.2 Rainfall infiltration Factor (RIF) Method
16212.2.1 Plankton
252.4.3 Groundwater Recharge During Monsoon Season
16312.2.2 Macro Invertebrates
262.4.4 Annual Provisions for Groundwater Resources
16412.2.3 Macrophytes
272.4.5 Net Annual Groundwater Availability
16512.2.4 Pathogens in Water
282.5 Water Quality Units
16612.2.5 Bioassays
292.5.1 What is a water quality unit ?
16712.3 REFERENCES
302.5.2 How does the unit work?
16813 River Water Quality
312.6 Groundwater resources of INDIA
16913.1 Introduction
322.6.1 Dynamic Groundwater Resources
17013.2 Physical Process in river
332.6.2 Groundwater Development
17113.2.1 Erosion
342.6.3 Groundwater Utilization
17213.2.2 Transportation
352.7 Significant Digits
17313.2.3 Deposition
362.7.1 Significant Digit Rules
17413.3 Biological characteristics of river
372.7.2 Uncertainty in Calculations
17513.3.1 Autotrophic Organisms
382.7.3 Deduction of Significant Figures
17613.3.2 Microbes and Protista
393 Hydrological Cycle
17713.3.3 Macro Invertebrates
403.1 Different stages of Hydrological Cycle
17813.3.4 Adaptation and Characteristics of Aquatic Insects
413.2 Water balance
17913.4 Chemical characteristics Of River
423.3 Water budget
18013.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Life
433.4 Different components of water budget
18113.4.2 How to Measure Dissolved Oxygen?
443.5 Summary
18213.5 Conclusion
453.6 References
18313.6 Reference
464 Precipitation
18414 Lakes and Reservoir Water Quality
474.1 Introduction
18514.1 Factors that impact water quality
484.2 Storms and Its Types
18614.1.1 Pollution
494.2.1 Blizzard
18714.1.2 Acid Rain
504.2.2 Bomb Cyclone
18814.1.3 Harmful Algal Blooms
514.2.3 Coastal Storm
18914.1.4 Eutrophication
524.2.4 Derecho
19014.2 Biological and chemical characteristic of lakes
534.2.5 Hail Storm
19114.2.1 Homogenous Lakes
544.2.6 Snowstorm
19214.2.2 Stratified Lakes
554.2.7 Wind Storm
19314.2.3 Lake Restoration
564.2.8 Thunderstorm
19414.3 Summary
574.2.9 Firestorm
19514.4 References
584.2.10 Hurricane
19615 Soil and Ground Water Quality
594.2.11 Tornado
19715.1 Introduction
604.3 measurement of precipitation
19815.2 Characteristics of Land Water
614.3.1 Observation Instruments
19915.2.1 Hydrological Characteristics
624.3.2 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
20015.2.2 Lakes and Reservoirs
634.4 Average Methods of precipitation
20115.3 Rivers: 15.3.1 Tropical Rivers
644.4.1 Arithmetic Mean
20215.4 Ground Water and its Characteristics
654.4.2 Theissen Polygon Method
20315.4.1 Aquifer’s Types
664.4.3 Isohyetal Method
20415.4.2 Quality of Water
674.5 precipitation Frequency Analysis: 4.5.1 IDF Relationship
20515.5 Process that Impact the Quality of Water
684.6 References
20615.6 Human Health and Water
695 Evapotranspiration
20715.7 References
705.1 Introduction
20816 Best Management Practices
715.2 Evaporation
20916.1 Introduction
725.3 Transpiration
21016.2 Stormwater Management
735.4 Evapotranspiration (ET)
21116.2.1 Stormwater Management BMPs
745.5 Evapotranspiration concepts
21216.2.2 Using Stormwater BMPs in Urban Areas
755.6 Factors affecting evapotranspiration
21316.2.3 Application of Urban Stormwater BMPs
765.7 Geographical pattern of evapotranspiration
21416.3 Agricultural Practices
775.8 Measurement of evapotranspiration
21516.4 Silvicultural Practices: 16.4.1 Goals of Silvicultural Practices
785.9 Potential evapotranspiration
21616.5 References
795.10 Summary
21717 Water Laws, Regulations and Standards
805.11 Reference
21817.1 Crisis which Arise of Water Rights
816 Infiltration and Soil Water
21917.2 Quality of the Water
826.1 Introduction
22017.3 Federal Rules and Regulations for the Quality of Water
836.2 Infiltration
22117.3.1 Strategy to Control Pollution
846.2.1 Problems Concerning the Poor Functioning of the Infiltration
22217.3.2 Standards-based on Technology
856.2.2 Factors Affecting Infiltration
22317.3.3 Standards-based on Water Quality
866.2.3 Solutions for the Problems of Infiltration
22417.4 Water Quantity
876.3 Soil Water
22517.5 References
886.3.1 The Soil Composition
22618 Water Policy
896.3.2 Soil Profile
22718.1 Introduction
906.3.3 Soil Structure
22818.2 Policy Formulation
916.3.4 Soil Moisture Content and Saturation
22918.2.1 Identification of the problem
926.3.5 Field capacity and Permanent Witling Point
23018.2.2 Establishing a Program or an Agenda
936.3.6 Soil Water Retention
23118.2.3 Making a Decision
946.3.7 Soil Water Retention and Organism
23218.2.4 Preparation of a Budget
956.3.8 Soil Retention and Organism
23318.2.5 Implementing the Program
966.3.9 Retention of Soil Water, Water Balances, and other Components
23418.2.6 Evaluation of the Program
976.3.10 Types of Soil Water
23518.3 Water Availability and Use
986.3.11 Soil Water Evaporation Process
23618.3.1 Sources of Water
996.4 Conclusion
23718.3.2 Uses of Water
1006.5 Reference
23818.4 International Water Policy
1017 Ground Water
23918.5 Water and Environmental Justice: 18.5.1 Globalization
1027.1 An Aquifer
24018.6 Water and Environmental justice
1037.2 An Overview of the Water Cycle
24118.7 Sustainable Water Management
1047.3 Groundwater Flow
24218.8 Concluding Words
1057.3.1 Preferential Flow of Water
24318.9 Reference
1067.3.2 Subsurface Flow of Water
24419 Water Economics
1077.3.3 Eco-hydrology
24519.1 Introduction
1087.3.4 Equation of Continuity and the Law of Darcy under steady-state Condition
24619.2 The Water Market
1097.4 Effects of a Well: 7.4.1 Potential Effects in the Health of a Human
24719.2.1 Conditions for Trading In Water Market
1107.5 Flow net
24819.2.2 Issues in Water Trading Markets
1117.6 Reference
24919.3 Demand for Water
1128 Watershed Management
25019.3.1 Types of Water Demand
1138.1 Watershed
25119.3.2 Factors affecting the rate of demand for water
1148.2 Water yield
25219.4 Supply of Water
1158.2.1 Assessment of Water Yield
25319.4.1 Factors Affecting or Influencing Effective Supply of Water
1168.2.2 Advantages of Assessing Water Yield
25419.4.2 Trade Barriers
1178.2.3 Perspective of Water Management and Assessment
25519.5 Supply and Demand
1188.2.4 Impact of Afforestation on Water Yield
25619.6 Elasticity
1198.3 Streamflow pattern
25719.6.1 Perfectly Elastic Water Demand (Ep = ∞)
1208.3.1 Discharge Measurement
25819.6.2 Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ep = 0)
1218.3.2 Stream Flow Measurement by Pre-Calibrated Structures
25919.6.3 Unitary Elastic Demand (Ep = 1)
1228.3.3 Approaches for Determining the Characteristics of Streamflow
26019.7 Water Externalities
1238.4 Forest (vegetation) management
26119.8 Costs of Production
1248.5 Snowpack management
26219.8.1 Elements of Costs of Production
1258.5.1 Measurement of Snowfall
26319.8.2 Calculation of Cost of Production
1268.5.2 Snow Surveys
26419.8.3 Steps to Calculate the Cost of Production
1278.6 Urban watershed management
26519.9 More on Efficiency: 19.9.1 Types of Efficiency
1288.7 Reservoir watershed management
26619.10 Economic Policy Analysis
1299 Introduction to Water Quality
26719.10.1 Goals and Objectives of Economic Policies
1309.1 Water Quality Definitions
26819.10.2 Types of Economic Policy
1319.2 Sources of Water Pollution: 9.2.1 Other Sources of Water Pollution
26919.12 Cost-Benefit Analysis: 19.12.1 Steps of Cost-Benefit Analysis
1329.3 Magnitude of the Water Quality Problem
27019.13 Direct and Indirect Economic Effects
1339.4 Soil Quality
27119.13.1 Types of Economic Effects
1349.5 References
27219.13.2 Water and Economic Effects
13510 Physical Characteristics of Water
27319.14 Conclusion
13610.1 Introduction
27419.15 Reference
13710.2 Turbidity
275Index
13810.3 Odor
