11.1 Introduction : 1.1.1 An overview of the field
92Comparing infinitives and tensed clauses
21.2 Panini to Chomsky and After
93Why should different clause types not have symmetrical structures?
31.3 Aims of Linguistic Theory
945.1.6 On the structure of tensed clauses
41.3.1 What Constitutes Knowledge of Language? Grammar as the Representation of Linguistic Competence
95Auxiliaries, modals, and main verbs
51.3.1.1 The lexicon
96VP ellipsis
61.3.1.2 Morphology
975.1.7 The position of main verbs and auxiliaries in the clausal structure
71.3.1.3 Syntax
985.1.8 Additional information:
81.3.1.4 Semantics
99The mapping relation
91.3.1.5 Phonetics and phonology
100Word order
101.3.2 Mental Grammar, Universal Grammar, Descriptive Grammars, Teaching Grammars, and Prescriptive Grammars
101Order
111.3.3 How is Knowledge of Language Acquired? The Logical Problem of Child Language Acquisition
102Verb classes
121.3.4 How is Knowledge of Language Put to Use? Linguistic Performance
103Main verb do, and auxiliary do
131.4 ‘Doing’ Linguistics
104Morphology and syntax
14The problem of no negative evidence : The logical problem of language acquisition (LPLA)
105On intuition and the notion ‘word’
151.5 Summary
106Historical change
161.6 Exercise
1075.2 Summary
17References: Figure Resource
1085.3 Exercise: References
182.1 Introduction : What is a word?
1096.1 Semantics As Part Of A Grammar
192.2 The Structure of Words
1106.2 Theories Of Meaning
202.3 Word and Morpheme Classes
111Varieties of Meaning
212.3.1 Word classes
112What Is Meaning?
222.3.2 The distribution of words
113The Denotational Theory of Meaning
232.3.3 Inflectional morphology
114Mentalist Theories of Meaning
242.3.4 Derivational morphology
115Meaning as Concepts
252.3.5 Open and closed classes
116The Sense Theory of Meaning
262.4 Analyzing Morphological Structure
117The Use Theory of Meaning
272.4.1 Complex verbs in Swahili
1186.3 The Scope Of A Semantic Theory
282.4.2 Complex verbs in Tolkapaya Yavapai
119Words and Phrases
292.4.3 Analyzing the structure of words
120Meaning Relations
302.4.4 Morpheme order
121Communicative Act Potential
312.5 Variation in Morphology
122Truth Properties
322.5.1 Analyzing types of variation
123Goals of a Semantic Theory
332.5.2 Conditioned variation
1246.4 Special Topics
342.5.3 Free variation
125Mood and Meaning
352.5.4 Portmanteau morphology and suppletion
126Deictics and Proper Names
362.6 The Hierarchical Structure of Words
127Deictics
372.6.1 Hierarchy in morphological structure
128What Determines Reference?
382.6.2 Tree diagrams
129Natural Kind Terms, Concepts, and the Division of Linguistic Labor
392.6.3 Labeled bracketing
130Character and Content
402.7 Beyond Prefixes and Suffixes
1316.4 Summary
412.7.1 Infixation
1326.5 Exercise
422.7.2 Compounding
133References
432.7.3 Reduplication
134Figure Resource
442.7.4 Ablaut
1357.1 Language Styles And Language Dialects
452.8 Heads and Hierarchy
136Dialects and the Interplay of Regional and Social Factors: New York City?
462.9 The Status of Words
137‘Standard’’ versus ‘‘Nonstandard’’ Language
472.9.1 Word boundaries and clitics
138Inner-City English and the Verb Be
482.9.2 The lexicon
139Formal and Informal Language Styles
492.10 Problems in Morphological Analysis
1407.2 Some Properties Of The Grammar Of Informal Style In English
502.10.1 Zero morphemes and unmarked forms
141Compare the formal
512.10.2 Discontinuous morphemes
142Deletion of Be in Abbreviated Questions
522.11 Morphology and Typology
143Where Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and Pragmatic Context Meet
532.12 Summary
1447.3 Other Language Varieties
542.13 Exercise
145Jargon
55References: Figure Resource
146Slang and Taboo Language
563.1 Introduction
147Code-Switching and Borrowing
573.2 Syntactic Data and Syntactic Rules
1487.3 Summary
583.2.1 Grammars and grammaticality
1497.4 Exercise: References
593.2.2 The nature of syntactic data
1508.1 Some Background Concepts
603.3 Constituent Order, Case Marking, and Thematic Roles
1518.2 The Reconstruction Of Indo-European And The Nature Of Language Change
613.3.1 Lexical categories and the lexicon
152Similarities among Languages
623.3.2 Thematic roles and English constituent order
153Borrowing
633.3.3 Constituent order in other languages
154Chance Overlap in Sound and Meaning
643.3.4 Case marking and constituent order
155Establishing Genetic Relationships among Languages
653.3.5 Predicates and argument structure
156Grimm’s Law
663.3.6 Selection, implicit arguments, null pronouns, and the theta-Criterion
157The Indo-European Language Family
673.3.7 Semantic selection, categorial selection, and embedded sentences
158Why Languages Change and How Language Change Spreads
683.4 Phrases and Constituent Structure
159Individual Change
693.4.1 Representing phrase structure: trees and brackets
160Spread of Changes among Different Languages
703.4.2 Evidence for phrase structure: distribution, movement, pro-forms, deletion, and coordination : Movement as a constituency test
161Language Change: Decay or Improvement?
713.4.3 Deriving phrase structure by phrase structure rules: a mini grammar of English
1628.3 The Linguistic History Of English
723.4.4 Deriving phrase structure by constraints
163Lexical Change
733.5 Summary
164Loss
743.6 Exercise
165Change
75References: Figure Resource
166Phonological Change
764.1 Some basic concepts in morphology
167Rule Loss
774.2 Types of morphemes
168Change in Rule Applicability
784.3 Derivational vs. inflectional morphology
169Differences in Phonemic Inventory
794.4 Morphologically complex structures and the notion of derivation
170Addition of Phonemes
804.5 Phonosemantics and contextual meaning
171Loss of Phonemes
814.6 Summary
172Morphological Change
824.7 Exercise
173Rule Addition
83References: Figure Resource
174Rule Loss
845.1 English Verbs
175Rule Change
855.1.1 Verb forms
176Syntactic Change
865.1.2 The syntactic environment
177Rule Loss
875.1.3 The properties of co-occurrence: the perfect construction
178Syntactic Change: Auxiliary Verbs versus Main Verbs
885.1.4 Projections: Heads and phrases
1798.4 Special Topics : Language Families of the World
895.1.5 Infinitives and tensed verbs
1808.5 Summary
90Tensed clauses
1818.6 Exercise
91Tensed main clauses
182References: Figure Resource
