1Preface
1199 Hydrograph Analysis
21 Introduction to Hydrology
1209.1 Introduction
31.1 The Basics of Hydrology
1219.2 Flow of Water: Runoff and Streamflow
41.2 Evolution of Hydrology
1229.3 Runoff- precipitation Mechanism
51.3 The classification of Hydrology
1239.4 Methods of Estimating Streamflow
61.4 The Hydrological Cycle
1249.5 Measurement of Site discharge methods
71.5 Hydrological Variables
1259.6 Hydrograph Separation Analysis
81.6 River Basin
1269.7 Deriving Unit Hydrograph
91.7 Scale
1279.8 Estimation of instantaneous unit Hydrograph
101.7.1 Spatial Scale
1289.9 Reference
111.7.2 Time Scale
12910 Streamflow Relationships
121.8 Distribution of water worldwide
13010.1 Introduction
131.9 Hydrological Balance
13110.2 Hydrological Cycles and Correlation Techniques
141.10 Understanding Water Resource Development
13210.3 Stationary and Homogeneous Data
151.11 References
13310.4 Precipitation Runoff Correlation for Estimating Streamflow: 10.4.1 Rank analysis for Antecedent Precipitation Index (API)
162 Hydrologic Cycle and its Elements: Precipitation
13410.5 Correlation of Gaging-Station Records
172.1 Introduction
13510.6 Correlation of Duration Curves for Estimation of Streamflow
182.2 Available Water
13610.7 Synthetic Methods related to Hydrology
192.2.1 Sources of Water
13710.8 Stochastic Time Series Analysis
202.2.2 Types of Water available on Earth
13810.9 AR Model or Markov Process
212.3 Water Cycle: 2.3.1 Importance of the Water Cycle
13910.10 ARMA Model
222.4 Water Balance Equation
14010.11 Disaggregation Model in Hydrology
232.5 Precipitation and its Forms
14110.12 Auto-run Model
242.6 Analysing Point Precipitation
14210.13 Stream flow in Un-gauged Sites
252.7 Converting Point Precipitation to Areal Precipitation
14310.14 Estimation derived from Drainage area ratio
262.8 IDF Analysis and Precipitation
14410.15 Calculations based on Regression equation
272.9 DAD Analysis and Storms
14510.16 Inconsistency of Stream-flow
282.10 Conclusion
14610.17 References
292.11 Reference
14711 Calculating Extreme Flows
303 Hydrologic Cycle and its Elements: Evaporation and Transpiration
14811.1 Introduction
313.1 Introduction
14911.2 Computation and probability
323.2 Atmosphere and Water Loss
15011.3 Probability in hydrology
333.3 The Free – Water Bodies and Evaporation
15111.4 Design flood and Hydraulic structures
343.4 Evaporation via Pans
15211.5 Statistical Techniques
353.4.1 Introduction
15311.6 Variety and Quality of the Data
363.4.2 Mechanism
15411.7 Flood Frequency analysis and its Techniques
373.4.3 Reducing the Pan Evaporation trends
15511.8 GeneraliZed Skew co - efficient
383.4.4 Evaporation from lakes vs. Evaporation from pans
15611.9 Probability Adjustments and Confidence Limits
393.4.5 Effects on the Hydrological Cycle
15711.10 Flood Frequency Analysis
403.5 Aerodynamic Method of Evaporation
15811.11 Computation of peak flow from precipitation and estimation of PMP
413.6 Energy Balance Method of Evaporation
15911.12 PMS and its Development
423.7 Penman’s Combination Method
16011.13 Peak Snowmelt Discharge
433.8 Drainage Basins and Evapotranspiration
16111.14 Regionalized Flood Relations for Ungauged Sites
443.9 Measuring Evapotranspiration: Evapotranspirometers
16211.15 Flood Flow Computation: Genetic and Empirical Equations
453.10 The Penman-Monteith Method
16311.16 Measuring Peak Discharge by Indirect Techniques
463.11 The Blaney- Criddle Method
16411.17 Computing Low Flow
473.12 References
16511.18 Low-flow frequency analysis by the empirical method
484 Hydrologic Cycle and its Element: Runoff
16611.19 References
494.1 Introduction: 4.1.1 Components of Hydrologic Cycle
16712 Remote Sensing and Computer Modeling
504.2 Calculation of infiltration
16812.1 Introduction
514.2.1 General Budget of Hydrology
16912.2 Principles of Remote sensing
524.2.2 Horton’s Equation
17012.3 Types of Remote Sensing
534.3 Direct runoff and NRCS Approach
17112.4 Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS
544.3.1 Materials and Methods
17212.5 Remote Sensing of Hydrologic elements
554.3.2 Original NRCS-CN model
17312.6 Remote Sensing Applications
564.3.3 Mishra – Singh model (MS model)
17412.7 Models for Hydrology
574.3.4 Sahu-Misra-Eldho model
17512.8 Hydrological Modelling Software
584.3.5 Sahu 1-p Model
17612.9 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modelling
594.3.6 Sahu 3-p model
17712.10 References
604.3.7 Q-base Model
17813 Hydraulic Structure
614.3.8 Direct Runoff from Snowmelt
17913.1 Introduction
624.4 References
18013.2 Flow Measuring Hydraulic Structures: 13.2.1 Function of the Flow measuring Structures
635 Groundwater Flow Theory
18113.3 Orifice
645.1 Introduction
18213.3.1 Flow of liquid through orifice
655.2 Groundwater
18313.3.2 Hydraulic co-efficient
665.3 Classifying the Subsurface Water
18413.4 Mouthpieces
675.4 Water-Bearing Formation
18513.5 Notches and Weirs
685.5 Fluid Potential and Hydraulic Heads
18613.6 Broad-crested Weir: 13.6.1 Head discharge relationship
695.6 Darcy’s Law
18713.7 Dams: 13.7.1 Types of dams
705.7 Factors Related to Groundwater Movement
18813.8 Flumes
715.8 Groundwater Storage and its Parameters
18913.9 Spillways: 13.9.1 Types of Spillways
725.9 Generalizing Darcy’s Law
19013.10 References
735.10 Steady-State and Unsteady-State Flow
19114 Distribution Systems
745.11 General Equation related to Groundwater Flow
19214.1 Introduction: 14.1.1 Segments of the distribution system
755.12 Groundwater Flow Equation: Overview
19314.2 Piping System
765.13 Flow: Unsaturated and Two - phased
19414.2.1 Types of Pipes
775.14 References
19514.2.2 Cost Considerations
786 Groundwater Flow: Application and Flow
19614.2.3 Health Aspects
796.1 What is Groundwater?
19714.3 Pipes Network
806.2 Aquifers
19814.4 Water Storage Tanks: 14.4.1 Types of water tanks
816.2.1 Classification of Aquifers
19914.5 Reference
826.2.2 Confined Aquifers
20015 Urban Drainage System
836.3 Wells near Boundaries and The Theory of Images
20115.1 Introduction
846.4 Design of a Well Field
20215.2 Sustainable drainage
856.5 References
20315.3 Types of drainage pattern and drainage systems
867 Conveyance System: Open Channel Flow
20415.4 Urban drainage system – layout and operation
877.1 Introduction
20515.4.1 Combined system
887.2 Essentials of Channel Section: 7.2.1 Velocity and Discharge of an Open Channel Flow
20615.4.2 Separate system
897.3 Variations of Fluid Flow
20715.4.3 Hybrid system
907.4 Flow States
20815.5 Design of sanitary sewer system: 15.5.1 Design of sanitary sewers
917.5 Conditions of Critical Flow
20915.6 Magnitude of Wastewater
927.6 Flow in a Uniform Channel
21015.7 Friction coefficient of sanitary sewers
937.7 Transportation of Sediment Free Water (Rigid Channel)
21115.8 Storm Sewer Project
947.8 Transportation of Sediment-Laden Water (Rigid Channel)
21215.8.1 Methods of determining run-off
957.9 Transportation of Sediment Free Water (Loose – Boundary Channel)
21315.8.2 Return Periods
967.10 Transportation of Sediment Laden Water (Loose Boundary Channel)
21415.8.3 Designing of Storm Sewers
977.11 Gradually Varied Flow
21515.9 Quantity of a storm water
987.12 Computing Flow Profile
21615.10 Rational Methods
997.13 Rapidly Varied Flow
21715.11 Application of rational method
1007.14 Reference
21815.12 The NRCS (SCS) TR-55 method
1018 Surface Water Flow and its Measurements
21915.12.1 Selection of Curve Number
1028.1 Introduction
22015.12.2 Calculation of time of Concentration
1038.2 Measuring stream stage
22115.12.3 Tabular Hydrograph Method
1048.3 Measuring discharge
22215.13 Detention Basin Storage
1058.3.1 Establishing the relation between stage and discharge
22315.14 References
1068.3.2 Distribution of velocity in a stream section
22416 Other Types of Drainage Systems
1078.4 Velocity measurement by current meter: 8.4.1 Discharge computation for current meter method
22516.1 Introduction
1088.5 The simple stage discharge curve
22616.2 Agricultural Drainage
1098.5.1 Fitting of the Curve
22716.3 Agricultural Lands and Surface Drainage
1108.5.2 The Logarithmic Method
22816.4 Agricultural Land and Subsurface Drainage
1118.6 Determination of stage of zero flow
22916.5 Drains: Depth and Spacing
1128.7 Measurement by electromagnetic method
23016.6 Roadway Drainage
1138.8 Measurement by the ultrasonic method
23116.7 Longitudinal Drainage
1148.9 Basic concepts of the acoustic Doppler current profiler or the ADCP
23216.8 Cross Drainage System
1158.9.1 Working Principle
23316.9 Airport Drainage
1168.9.2 Processing Method
23416.10 References
1178.9.3 Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages of ADCPs
235Index
1188.10 References
