1Preface
1264.3.2 Sequencing Methods: From Genes to Genomes
21 Gene Control and Expression
1274.3.3 Next-Generation Technologies
31.1 Gene Control
1284.3.4 Hierarchical Shotgun Sequencing vs. Whole-genome Shotgun Sequencing
41.1.1 Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
129Hierarchical Shotgun Sequencing
51.1.2 Modification of Chromatin Structure: Can genes be turned on and off in cells?
130Whole-genome Shotgun Sequencing.: Combined Approach Used With Rat Genome
61.1.3 Control of Gene Expression
1314.3.5 Pyrosequencing of Genomes in Picolitre Reactors
71.1.4 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
1324.4 Self-Assessment
81.1.5 Eukaryotes Require Complex Controls Over Gene Expression
1335 Gene Cloning and DNA analysis
91.1.6 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
1345.1 Basics of DNA Cloning
101.1.7 Transcription Factors and Combinatorial Control
1355.1.1 Choice Of Vector For Dependent On Insert Size And Application
11The “Ground State” of DNA Expression
1365.1.2 Cutting And Joining Dna Molecules
12The Role of Chromatin
137Recognition sequences for type II restriction endonucleases
131.1.8 Rnai
138DNA ligase
141.1.9 Gene Regulation
1395.1.3 Gene Libraries in Cloning: Library Construction
15Repetitive DNA
1405.1.4 Steps Involved in Gene Cloning
16Extranuclear DNA: Heredity and Evolution
1415.2 DNA into Living Cells
171.2 Gene Expression System
1425.2.1 Transformation—The Uptake Of Dna By Bacterial Cells
181.2.1 RNA Processing
143Not all species of bacteria are equally efficient at DNA uptake
191.2.2 Gene Networks
144Preparation of competent E. coli cells
201.2.3 Expression of the Genetic Code: Transcription and Translation
145Selection for transformed cells
21Transcription
1465.2.2 Identification Of Recombinants
22The Genetic Code
147Recombinant selection with pBR322—insertional inactivation of an antibiotic resistance gene
231.2.4 Gene Expression and Regulation
148Insertional inactivation does not always involve antibiotic resistance
241.3 Gene Expression Control Model
1495.2.3 Introduction Of Phage Dna Into Bacterial Cells
251.3.1 The Chromosome Of E. Coli
150Transfection
261.3.2 The Operon Model
151In vitro packaging of * cloning vectors
271.3.3 Viruses
152Phage infection is visualized as plaques on an agar medium
281.3.4 The Eukaryotic Chromosome
1535.2.4 Identification Of Recombinant Phages
291.3.5 Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome
154Insertional inactivation of a lacZ′ gene carried by the phage vector
301.3.6 Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
155Insertional inactivation of the * cI gene
311.3.7 Types of Chromatin
156Selection using the Spi phenotype
321.3.8 The Eukaryotic Genome
157Selection on the basis of * genome size
331.3.9 Transcription and Processing of mRNA
1585.2.5 DNA into non-Bacterial Cells
341.3.10 Antibody-coding Genes
159Transformation of individual cells
351.3.11 Viruses and Eukaryotes
160Transformation of whole organisms
361.3.12 Eukaryotic Transposons
1615.3 Self-Assessment
371.3.13 Genes, Viruses and Cancer
1626 Mitosis and Meiosis
381.4 Self-Assessment
1636.1 Gene Transmission in Mitosis
392 Gene Transfer
1646.1.1 Phases of Mitosis
402.1 Fundamental of Gene Transfer
1656.1.2 Stages
412.1.1 History of Gene Transfer
166Prophase
422.1.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer
167Metaphase
432.1.3 Vertical Gene Transfer
168Anaphase
442.1.4 Process of Gene Transfer
169Telophase
452.1.5 Transfection
170Cytokinesis
462.1.6 Transposition
1716.1.3 Mitotic Abnormalities
472.2 Gene Transfer Techniques
172Cytasteral mitosis
482.2.1 Different Gene Transfection Techniques
173Multipolar and caternar mitosis:
492.2.2 Chemical Transfection
174Achrosomal mitosis
502.2.3 Calcium phosphate Transfection
175Anastral mitosis
512.2.4 Transfection with DEAE-dextran
1766.2 Gene Transmission in Meiosis
522.2.5 Lipofection
1776.2.1 Transmission System
532.2.6 Physical Transfection
1786.2.2 Aberrations That Alter Chromosome Number
542.2.7 Electroporation
1796.2.3 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
552.2.8 Microinjection
180Meiosis I
562.2.9 Transfection by Particle Bombardment
181Prophase I
572.2.10 Transfection by Ultrasound
182Prometaphase I
582.2.11 Virus-mediated Transduction
183Metaphase I
592.3 Gene Transfer Methods and Treatment
184Anaphase I
602.3.1 General Considerations
185Telophase I and Cytokinesis
612.3.2 Direct DNA Uptake
186Meiosis II
622.3.3 Chemical Treatments
187Prophase II
632.3.4 DNA Microinjection
188Prometaphase II
64Animals
189Metaphase II
65Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
190Anaphase II
662.4 DNA Transfer
191Telophase II and Cytokinesis
672.4.1 Transformation Techniques
192Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
68Mechanism
1936.2.4 Sexual Reproduction
69Uses in Mutagenesis
194Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms
70History
195Diploid-Dominant Life Cycle
712.4.2 Natural Competence and Transformation
196Haploid-Dominant Life Cycle
72Natural Transformation
197Alternation of Generations
73Transformation, as an adaptation for DNA repair
1986.3 Self-Assessment
74Practical Aspects of Transformation in Molecular Biology
1997 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis
752.4.3 Selection and Screening in Plasmid Transformation
2007.1 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
762.5 Self-Assessment
2017.1.1 Genes in the Cell Nucleus
773 Genetic and Genome Analysis
2027.1.2 Basic Building Blocks of DNA
783.1 The Phenomena of Genetics
2037.1.3 Nucleotides
793.1.1 Curriculum of Geneticist
2047.1.4 Genetic Code
803.1.2 Genetic Analysis
2057.1.5 Synthesis of RNA
813.2 Human Genetic Variation
206Basic Building Blocks of RNA
823.2.1 Alteration in Human Genetic Variation
207Formation of RNA Nucleotides
833.2.2 Existence of Genetic Variation among Humans
208“Activation” of the RNA Nucleotides
843.2.3 Significance of Human Genetic Variation
2097.1.6 Chemical Steps in Protein Synthesis
853.2.4 Human Genetic Variation and Medicine
210Peptide Linkage
863.2.5 Genetics, Ethics, and Society
211Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
873.3 Genome Analysis
212Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
883.3.1 Genome Map
213Genetic Regulation
893.3.2 Genome Anatomy
214The Promoter Controls Gene Expression
90Prokaryotic Genome
215Other Mechanisms for Control of Transcription by the Promoter
91Evaluation of Nucleoid in Prokaryotes
2167.2 Protein Structure and Functionality
92Role of supercoiling in prokaryotic genomes
2177.2.1 Primary Structure of Proteins
933.3.3 Eukaryotic Genome
2187.2.2 Protein Functionality
943.4 Human Genome Analysis
219Function of Amylase
953.4.1 Role of the Human Genome in Research
220Amylase Protein
963.4.2 Origins of the Human Genome
221Structure of Amylase
973.4.3 Social Impacts of Human Genome Research
2227.2.3 Biochemistry of Protein
983.4.4 Whole-genome Sequencing
2237.2.4 Recombinant Protein Production
993.4.5 Sequencing Methods: From Genes to Genomes
2247.3 Protein Purification and Characterization
1003.4.6 Next-Generation Technologies
2257.3.1 Methods for Protein Purification
1013.5 Genomics and Process of Bioinformatics System
226First Steps for Protein Purification
1023.5.1 Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis of Genomes
227Intermediate Purification Steps
1033.5.2 Analysis of Bioinformatics
2287.3.2 Types of Protein
1043.5.3 The Data of Bioinformatics
2297.3.3 Proteins and Biological Membranes
1053.5.4 Goals of Bioinformatics
2307.4 Self-Assessment
1063.5.5 Applications of Bioinformatics in Crop Improvement
231Glossary
1073.6 Self-Assessment
232References
1084 Gene Regulation and Sequencing
233Index
1094.1 Gene: Structure and Regulation
234A
1104.1.1 Chemical Structure of Genes
235B
1114.1.2 Gene Transcription and Translation
236C
1124.1.3 Role of Gene Regulation: Identification of Regulatory Gene
237D
1134.1.4 Gene Mutations
238E
1144.1.5 Operon Regulatory System
239G
1154.1.6 Genetic Regulation of Cell Cycle
240H
116Genetic Regulation of Eukaryotic
241L
117Genetic Regulation of Prokaryotic
242M
1184.2 System of Gene Regulation
243N
1194.2.1 Transcriptional Regulation
244O
1204.2.2 Gene Mapping
245P
1214.2.3 Gene Interaction
246R
1224.2.4 Gene Dosage
247S
1234.2.5 Gene Silencing
248T
1244.3 Gene Sequencing
249U
1254.3.1 Whole-genome Sequencing
250W
