11. 1950s - Emergence of Digital Computers:
2001. Principles of JPEG:
22. 1960s - Digital Image Formation:
2012. JPEG Compression Steps:
33. 1970s - Medical Imaging and Early Applications:
2023. Applications of JPEG:
44. 1980s - Growth of Image Processing Algorithms:
2031. Principles of MPEG:
55. The 1990s - Rise of Digital Cameras and Consumer Applications:
2042. MPEG Compression Steps:
66. 2000s - Computer Vision Integration and Biometrics:
2053. Applications of MPEG:
77. 2010s - Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):
206Huffman Coding
88. 2020s - Continued Advancements and Ethical Considerations:
207Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Algorithm
9Object Counting:
208Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) in JPEG
10Particle Counting:
209Transform Coding in MPEG
11Cell Counting:
210Compression Ratios
12Gauging and Measurement:
211Quality of Reconstruction
13Agricultural Yield Estimation:
212Computational Complexity
14Barcode and QR Code Reading:
213Application-Specific Considerations
15Defect Detection and Counting:
214Future Trends and Challenges
16Fish Counting in Aquaculture:
2151. Communication Systems
171. Image Synthesis in Computer Graphics:
2162. Web and Mobile Applications
182. Image Representation:
2173. Medical Imaging
193. Color Models and Processing:
2184. Satellite Imaging
204. Image Compression:
2195. Entertainment Industry
215. Filters and Transformations:
2206. Robotics and Autonomous Vehicles
226. Computer Vision and Computer Graphics Interaction:
2217. Archiving and Storage
237. Image Editing and Manipulation:
2228. Security and Surveillance
248. Rendering Techniques:
2239. Gaming Industry
259. Human-Computer Interaction:
22410. Machine Learning and Computer Vision
2610. Medical Imaging and Visualization:
2251. Structuring Element:
271. Introduction to Image Formation:
2262. Dilation:
282. Physical Principles of Image Formation:
2273. Erosion:
292.1 Light and Optics:
2284. Opening:
302.2 Camera or Imaging Device:
2295. Closing:
312.3 Image Acquisition:
2306. Morphological Gradient:
323. Mathematical Model of Image Formation:
2317. Top Hat and Bottom Hat Transform:
333.1 Pinhole Camera Model:
2328. Hit-or-Miss Transformation:
343.2 Camera Projection:
2339. Skeletonization:
354. Image Coordinates and Pixel Grid:
23410. Thinning and Thickening:
364.1 Image Coordinates:
2351. Definition:
374.2 Pixel Grid:
2362. Shape and Size:
385. Color Representation:
2373. Binary Nature:
395.1 Color Models:
2384. Application to Morphological Operations:
405.2 Color Channels:
2395. Shape Matching:
416. Digital Image Characteristics:
2406. Size and Orientation:
426.1 Resolution:
2417. Custom Structuring Elements:
436.2 Bit Depth:
2428. Sequential Operations:
447. Image Formation Challenges:
2431. Erosion:
457.1 Noise:
2442. Dilation:
467.2 Distortion:
245Opening:
471. Digital Cameras:
246Effect of Opening:
482. Scanners:
247Application:
493. Satellite Imaging Sensors:
248Closing:
504. Digital Microscopes:
249Effect of Closing:
515. Infrared Cameras:
250Application:
526. 3D Scanners:
251Relationship between Opening and Closing:
537. Webcams:
252Structuring Element:
548. Action Cameras:
2531. Noise Reduction:
559. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Sensors:
2542. Object Segmentation:
5610. Ultrasound Imaging Devices:
2553. Edge Detection:
572.1. RGB Color Model
2564. Shape Analysis:
582.1.1. Additive Color Mixing
2575. Image Morphing:
592.1.2. Applications
2586. Foreground-Background Separation:
602.2. CMY and CMYK Color Models
2597. Binary Image Manipulation:
612.2.1. CMY Color Model
2608. Document Analysis:
622.2.2. CMYK Color Model
2619. Medical Imaging:
632.2.3. Applications
26210. Quality Control in Manufacturing:
642.3. HSV and HSL Color Models
26311. Character Recognition:
652.3.1. HSV Color Model
26412. Biological Image Analysis:
662.3.2. HSL Color Model
26513. Terrain Analysis:
672.3.3. Applications
26614. Remote Sensing:
683.1. RGB Color Space
2671. Feature Extraction:
693.2. CIE XYZ Color Space
2682. Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):
703.3. Lab Color Space
2693. Training and Supervised Learning:
714.1. Image Enhancement and Correction
2704. Classification:
724.2. Image Compression
2715. Object Detection:
734.3. Image Segmentation
2721. Facial Recognition:
744.4. Medical Imaging
2732. Medical Imaging:
755.1. Color Reproduction Accuracy
2743. Autonomous Vehicles:
765.2. Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range (HDR)
2754. Retail and E-Commerce:
775.3. Quantum Dots and Nanotechnology
2765. Augmented Reality (AR):
781. Identify the Minimum and Maximum Intensity Values:
2776. Security and Surveillance:
792. Define the Stretching Function:
2787. Industrial Automation:
803. Apply the Stretching Function to Each Pixel:
2798. Natural Language Processing Integration:
811. Noise Clipping:
2801. Convolution Layer
822. Thresholding:
2812. Pooling Layer: What is the difference between a neural network and a CNN?
83Global histogram equalization (GHE)
2821. Definition of Features:
84Local histogram equalization (LHE)
2832. Purpose of Feature Extraction:
851. Image Filtering:
2843. Reduction of Dimensionality:
862. Image Enhancement:
2854. Invariance and Robustness:
873. Noise Reduction:
2865. Types of Features:
884. Edge Detection:
2876. Methods of Feature Extraction:
895. Morphological Operations:
2887. Image Descriptors:
906. Spatial Domain Interpolation:
2898. Applications:
917. Spatial Domain Transformation:: Spatial Averaging and Spatial Low-pass Filtering
2901. Data Representation:
92Directional Smoothing
2912. Feature Extraction:
93Median Filtering
2923. Pattern Classification:
941. Fourier Transform:
2934. Training and Learning:
952. Frequency Domain Representation:
2945. Supervised and Unsupervised Learning:
963. Filtering in the Frequency Domain:
2956. Clustering:
974. Frequency Domain Filtering Operations:
2967. Anomaly Detection:
985. Inverse Fourier Transform:
2978. Regression:
996. Applications:
2989. Applications:
1007. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT):
299A. Statistical Model
1018. Hybrid Image Processing:
300B. Structural Model
1021. Image Enhancement Overview:
301C. Template Matching
1032. Challenges with Global Enhancement:
302D. Neural Network Based Model
1041. Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE):
303E. Fuzzy Based Model
1052. Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE):
304F. Hybrid Model
1063. Spatially Adaptive Techniques:
3051. R-CNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Network):
1074. Local Laplacian Pyramid:
3062. YOLO (You Only Look Once):
1085. Retinex Theory:
3073. SSD (Single Shot Multibox Detector):
1091. Histogram-Based Methods:
3084. RetinaNet:
1102. Filtering Techniques:
3095. Mask R-CNN:
1113. Wavelet Transform:
3106. EfficientDet:
1124. Machine Learning Approaches:
3117. CenterNet:
1131. Medical Imaging:
3128. Cascade R-CNN:
1142. Satellite Image Analysis:
3131. Autonomous Vehicles:
1153. Computer Vision and Object Recognition:
3142. Surveillance and Security:
1164. Cultural Heritage Preservation:
3153. Retail and Inventory Management:
1171. Computational Complexity:
3164. Healthcare:
1182. Noise Sensitivity:
3175. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):
1193. Integration with Deep Learning:
3186. Facial Recognition:
1204. Subjectivity in Evaluation:
3197. Agriculture:
1211. Filter (Kernel):
3208. Industrial Automation:
1222. Convolution Process:
3219. Gesture Recognition:
1233. Mathematical Representation:
32210. Document Analysis and OCR:
1241. Border Handling:
32311. Sports Analytics:
1252. Striding:
32412. Environmental Monitoring:
126Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):
32513. Human Pose Estimation:
127Multiple Channels:
32614. Retail Analytics:
128Stride and Padding:
32715. Art and Creativity:
129Pooling:
3281. Point Spread Function (PSF):
130Learnable Filters:
3292. Motion Blur:
131Convolutional Operation in 1D and 3D:
3303. Noise Models:
1324. Repeat this procedure for every pixel across the input image.
3314. Compression Artifacts:
1331. Box Filter:
3325. Geometric Distortions:
1342. Gaussian Filter:
3336. Defocus Blur:
1353. Median Filter:
3347. Chromatic Aberration:
1364. Bilateral Filter:
3358. Atmospheric Distortions:
1371. Convolution Operation:
3369. Sensor Artifacts:
1382. Box Filter Operation:
33710. Saturation and Overexposure:
1393. Gaussian Filter Operation:
33811. Low-Resolution and Aliasing:
1404. Median Filter Operation:
3391. Non-Parametric Methods:
1415. Bilateral Filter Operation:
3402. Parametric Methods with Unknown Parameters:
1424.3.1.1 Average smoothing
3413. Expectation-Maximization (EM) Framework:
1434.3.1.2 Gaussian Smoothing
3424. Sparse and Redundant Representations:
1444.3.1.3 Adaptive Smoothing
3435. Deep Learning Approaches:
1451. Horizontal Edges:
3446. Hybrid Approaches:
1462. Vertical Edges:
3451. Deconvolution Techniques:
1473. Diagonal Edges:
3462. Wiener Filtering:
148Advantages:
3473. Deep Learning Approaches:
149Limitations:
3481. Medical Imaging:
150Advantages:
3492. Computer Graphics and Visualization:
151Limitations:
3503. Industrial Applications:
152Advantages:
3514. Scientific Research:
153Limitations:
3525. Challenges and Techniques:
154Advantages:
3531. Image Enhancement in Medical Imaging:
155Limitations:
3542. Segmentation for Anatomical Structure Recognition:
156Advantages:
3553. Medical Image Registration:
157Limitations: : Some Real-world Applications of Image Edge Detection:
3564. Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD):
158Assumption:
3575. 3D Visualization and Reconstruction:
1591. Filtering with weighted moving average uniform weight:
3586. Functional Imaging and Quantitative Analysis:
1602. Filtering with weighted moving average non-uniform weight
3591. Platform
1613. Weighted moving average in 2-dimensional image
360Elements Involved in Remote Sensing
1621. Gaussian Filter:
3612. Vegetation Monitoring:
1632. Mean Filter:
3623. Environmental Monitoring:
1643. Median Filter:
3634. Disaster Management:
1654. Bilateral Filter
3645. Urban Planning:
1661. Global Thresholding:
3656. Water Resources Management:
1672. Adaptive Thresholding:
3667. Mineral Exploration:
1683. Edge-Based Thresholding:
3678. Climate Change Studies:
1694. Color-Based Thresholding:
3689. Infrastructure Monitoring:
1705. Morphological Thresholding:
36910. Wildlife and Biodiversity Monitoring:
1716. Yen’s Thresholding:
3701. Deep Learning and Neural Networks:
1727. Entropy-Based Thresholding:
3712. Explainable AI in Image Processing:
1738. Minimum Error Thresholding:
3723. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs):
1741. K-Means Clustering:
3734. Edge Computing for Real-Time Processing:
1752. Mean-Shift:
3745. 3D Image Processing:
1763. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise):
3756. Quantum Image Processing:
1774. Hierarchical Clustering:
3767. Multimodal Image Processing:
1785. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM):
3778. Exponential Growth in Remote Sensing Data:
1796. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM):
3789. Ethical and Responsible Image Processing:
180The latest and most efficient DIP methods used for image segmentation
37910. Personalized and Adaptive Image Processing:
181Advantages and disadvantages of using DIP image segmentation methods
38011. Human-in-the-Loop Image Processing:
1821. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
3811. Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):
1832. PNG (Portable Network Graphics):
3822. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs):
1843. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
3833. Transfer Learning:
1854. WebP:
3844. Sparse Representations and Compressed Sensing:
1865. JPEG 2000:
3855. Quantum Image Processing:
1876. BPG (Better Portable Graphics):
3866. Hyperspectral Imaging:
1881. Run-Length Encoding (RLE):
3877. Multi-Modal Fusion:
1892. Huffman Coding:
3888. Adversarial Attacks and Defense Mechanisms:
1903. Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Compression:
3899. Explainable AI (XAI):
1914. Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT):
39010. Real-Time and Edge Processing:
1925. Arithmetic Coding:
39111. 3D and Volumetric Image Processing:
1936. Predictive Coding:
392EXHIBIT 11-1. PIKS Operators Classification
1941. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
393EXHIBIT 11-2 PIKS Tools Classification
1952. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer III):
394EXHIBIT 11-3. PIKS Utilities Classification Display: utilities that perform image display functions
1963. MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) Video Compression:
395EXHIBITS 11-4 PIKS Mechanisms Classification
1974. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
396EXHIBITS 11-5 PIKS Convenience Functions Classification
1985. Video Codecs like VP9 and AV1:
397Table 11.3
1996. Wavelet-based Compression (e.g., JPEG2000):
398Table 11.4
