1Preface
1076.7 Few Useful Applications
21 The Idea of Fire
1086.7.1 Pool Fires
31.1 Introduction
1096.7.2 Solid Fuels
41.2 Determinants Which Influence and Indicates Fire Dangers
1106.8 Height of Flame: 6.8.1 Thomas and Heskestad Method
51.3 Fire Dynamics: Relationship with Fire Collaboration
1116.9 Connection between Plume and Heat Release Rate
61.3.1 Fire Fighters: Personnel for Suppressing Fire
1126.10 Measurement of Heat Release Rate and Its Impacts: 6.10.1 Heat Release Rate Measurement in terms of Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry
71.3.2 Code Enforcement Officers and Fire Protection Engineering
1136.11 Instrumentation of General Fire Testing
81.3.3 Explosion Investigator Officer and Fire
1146.11.1 Thermocouple
91.4 Conclusion
1156.11.2 Heat Flux Gauge
101.5 References
1166.11.3 Bi- Directional Probe
112 Fundamentals of Fire
1176.12 References
122.1 Fire Definition
1187 Ignition
132.1.1 Where Does Fire Come From?
1197.1 Introduction
142.1.2 Uses and Abuses of Fire
1207.2 Re-visitation of Fire Triangle
152.2 The Fire Tetrahedron and Fire Triangle
1217.3 The Fire Ignition Statistics
162.3 Types of Fuels
1227.4 The Energy in Ignition
172.3.1 Class A- Combustible materials
1237.4.1 Minimum Energy in Ignition
182.3.2 Class B- Flammable Liquids and Gases
1247.4.2 The Piloted Ignition
192.3.3 Class C- Electrical Fire
1257.4.3 Autogenous Ignition
202.3.4 Class D- Flammable Metals
1267.4.4 Various Similarities and Dissimilarities in Ignition Concepts
212.3.5 Class K- Cooking oils and fats
1277.5 Source of Energy Ignition
222.4 Fire Threats Associated with the U.S. Department of Transportation
1287.6 The Transfer of Heat
232.4.1 Explosives (Class 1)
1297.7 Chronological Background
242.4.2 Compressed Gases (Class 2)
1307.8 Conduction
252.4.3 Combustible Liquids (Class 3)
1317.9 Convection
262.4.4 Flammable Solids (Class 4)
1327.10 Radiation
272.4.5 Oxidizing Agents and Organic Peroxides (Class 5)
1337.10.1 Pragmatic Approach to Heat Flux
282.4.6 Toxic Chemicals (Class 6)
1347.10.2 Heat Flux and the Point Source Model
292.4.7 Radioactive Substances (Class 7)
1357.10.3 Heat Flux and View Factor Model
302.4.8 Corrosives (Class 8)
1367.10.4 Radiated Power
312.4.9 Other Hazardous Materials (Class 9)
1377.11 Flame and its Association
322.5 Flames
1387.12 Properties of Materials
332.6 Fire Plume
1397.12.1 From Surface Area to Mass Ratio
342.7 Flame Spread
1407.12.2 Geometry
352.8 Difference between Heat and Temperature
1417.12.3 Density
362.9 Heat of Combustion
1427.12.4 Alignment and Orientation
372.10 Conclusion
1437.13 Calculation of Ignition Time for Solid Fuels: 7.13.1 Burning of Thermally Thin Solids
382.11 References
1447.14 Unprompted Ignition
393 Fires from Gaseous Fuels
1457.15 Testing of Ignitability and Flammability
403.1 Introduction
1467.16 Summary
413.2 Concept of Matter in Fire Dynamics: 3.2.1 Fire Ignition and Vapour Density
1477.17 References
423.3 Fundamental Physical Properties of the Gas Phase Fuels
1488 Enclosure Fire Dynamics
433.3.1 Boyle’s Law
1498.1 Introduction
443.3.2 Charles’s Law
1508.2 Ignition
453.3.3 Combined Gas Law
1518.3 Plume Formation
463.4 Pressure Measurement
1528.4 Ceiling Jet
473.5 Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry
1538.5 Heat Detecting Tool and sprinkler Activation
483.5.1 Reactions and Equations
1548.6 Evolution of a Ventilation-Controlled Fire
493.5.2 Polymers
1558.7 Impact of changing the ventilation conditions
503.5.3 Equalizing Chemical Reaction
1568.8 Some facts about Back-drafts
513.6 Reaction of Oxidation or REDOX Reaction: 3.6.1 Methane Combustion
1578.8.1 Causes of Back-draft
523.7 Smoke: Toxicity and Visible Effects
1588.8.2 Indicators of Back-draft
533.8 Flame and Ignition of Energy: 3.8.1 Effects and Measures for Managing Flammable Gases
1598.9 Decay
543.9 Conclusion
1608.10 Effects of smoke in the compartment
553.10 References
1618.11 Techniques for Smoke Control
564 Fires from Liquefied Fuels
1628.12 Smoke Generation through Ignition
574.1 Introduction
1638.13 References
584.2 Liquid State Substances
1649 The Extinguishment
594.3 Specific Gravity of Liquid Fuels
1659.1 Introduction
604.4 Miscibility and Solubility of Liquefied Fuels
1669.2 Fire extinguishment
614.5 Vapour Compression
1679.3 Fuel Removal
624.6 Change of Phase Altering Temperature
1689.3.1 Breaking the fire triangle
634.7 Mixture, Solution and Compound
1699.3.2 Classification of Extinguishers and Categories of Fire
644.8 Pressure Alteration
1709.4 Elements of Fire and Extinguishment
654.8.1 Surface Pressure
1719.5 Agents of Fire Extinguisher
664.8.2 Variation in the Altitude
1729.5.1 Chemical Foam
674.8.3 Local Variation
1739.5.2 Mechanical Foams
684.8.4 Measurement Depends on Water-Depth
1749.5.3 Carbon Dioxide
694.9 Specific Heat
1759.5.4 Dry Chemical
704.10 Alteration in States of Matter
1769.5.5 Wet Chemicals
714.11 Thermal Expansion: 4.11.1 Effects of Contraction
1779.5.6 Clean Agent
724.12 Ignitable Liquid
1789.5.7 Dry Powder
734.12.1 Flash Point and Fire Point
1799.5.8 Water Mist
744.12.2 Concepts of Ignition
1809.5.9 Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
754.13 Flammable Liquids
1819.6 Agents of Foam Extinguisher
764.13.1 Aerosols
1829.7 Effect of foam on environment
774.13.2 Thin Film
1839.8 Theory of Extinguishment
784.14 References
1849.9 Separation of Fuel
795 Solid State Fuels and Fires
1859.10 Thermodynamics
805.1 Solid Substance: 5.1.1 Crystalline solids
1869.11 Use of water
815.2 Pyrolysis: 5.2.1 Factors triggering the outcome of Pyrolysis process
1879.12 References
825.3 Smouldering Ignition
18810 Explosions
835.4 Melting of Solid Phase Fuels
18910.1 Introduction
845.5 Dehydration- in firefighter’s perspective
19010.2 Causes of Explosion
855.5.1 Why Firefighters are more Prone to Dehydration
19110.3 Types of Explosion
865.5.2 Dehydration and how it can affect the Firefighters
19210.3.1 Gas Explosives
875.5.3 The ORS and its Beneficial Effects on the Firefighters
19310.3.2 The Basics of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions
885.6 Fire Retardants
19410.3.3 The Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion
895.6.1 Reduction of fire by Implementing Physical Action
19510.4 Dust Explosion
905.6.2 Different uses of fire Retardants
19610.5 Blast and the TNT Equivalent
915.7 Possible Toxicity in Fire Retardants
19710.6 Conclusion
925.8 References
19810.7 References
936 Concept of Heat Release Rate
19911 Basic Overview of Fire Modeling
946.1 Significance of Heat Release Rate
20011.1 Fire Testing and Modeling
956.2 Basic Introduction
20111.2 Computer Application of Fire Modeling
966.3 Approaches for Heat Release Rate Determination
20211.2.1 The Mechanism of Fire Protection
976.3.1 Combustible Heat
20311.2.2 Investigation of Fire
986.3.2 Efficiency of Combustion
20411.3 Classification Fire Models: 11.3.1 Models of Computational Fluid Dynamics
996.3.3 Mass Flux
20511.4 Computer Fire Models and their Uses in Hypotheses
1006.3.4 Area
20611.5 Fire Suppression Activities and their models
1016.4 Heat Generating Rate Curves
20711.6 Computer Fire Models, its Validation and Verification
1026.5 HRR of Some Objects
20811.7 Input Data Needed For Modeling
1036.6 Approaches of Heat Release Rate Curves and its Application
20911.8 A Comprehensive Study of Fire Incidents
1046.6.1 Simplified Shapes for Fire Growth Curves
21011.9 Fire Training and Fire Protection Programmes
1056.6.2 T-Square Fire Growth Curves
21111.10 References
1066.6.3 Integrating Several Fuel Packages into a Distinct Fire Growth Curve
212Index
