11.1 Introduction: Plant Anatomy Review
411Cellular Division and Enlargement
21.2 Plant Parts
412Development : Cellular Differentiation and Dedifferentiation
3Cells and their parts
4135.1.2 The Role Of Signals In Growth And Development
4The cell wall
4145.2 Organic Compounds of Plant Cells
5The plasmalemma
4155.2.1 Carbohydrates
6The plasmodesmata
416Monosaccharides
7The protoplasm
417Disaccharides
8Organelles
418Polysaccharides
9The Nucleus
4195.2.2 Lipids
10Ribosomes And The Endoplasmic Reticulum
420Fats and Oils
11The Vacuole
421Phospholipids
12Plastids
422Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes
13Golgi Bodies
4235.2.3 Proteins
14Mitochondria
4245.2.4 Nucleic Acids
151.3 Cell types
4255.3 Plant Growth Processes
16Parenchyma
4265.3.1 Photosynthesis
17Collenchyma
427Phases of Photosynthesis
18Sclerenchyma
428• Light-Dependent Reactions
19Cells of the xylem
429• Light-Independent Reactions
20• Tracheids
4301. The Calvin cycle.
21• Vessel Elements
4312. The four-carbon pathway.
22Cells of the phloem
4323. The Crassulacean acid metabolism.
23• Sieve Elements
433Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
24• Companion Cells
434• Light Intensity
251.4 Tissues
435• Carbon Dioxide Concentration
26Simple tissues – one cell type
436• Temperature
27• Parenchyma
437• Water Availability
28• Sclerenchyma
438• Photoperiod
29• Collenchyma
439• Growth and Development
30Complex tissues – more than one cell type
4405.3.2 Respiration
31• Epidermis
441Aerobic Respiration
32• Vascular Tissue
442Glycolysis
33• Meristematic Tissue
443Krebs Cycle
34• Bark
444Anaerobic Respiration
351.5 Organs
4455.3.3 Transpiration
36Roots
4465.3.4 How Water Moves In Plants
37Stems
4475.3.5 Translocation
38Leaves
4485.4 Developmental Stages Of Growth
39Flowers
4495.4.1 Embryonic Stage
40Fruit
4505.4.2 Juvenile Stage
41Seeds
4515.4.3 Transitional Stage
421.6 Plant Types
4525.4.4 Maturity Or Reproductive Stage
43Based on taxonomy – scientific classification
4535.5 Phases In The Plant Life Cycle
44The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
4545.5.1 Vegetative Plant Growth And Development
45Classification by growth cycle
455Shoot Elongation
46• Annual
456Duration of Plant Life
47• Biennial
4571. Annuals.
48• Perennial
4582. Biennials.
49Classification by stem growth
4593. Perennials.
50• Herbs
4604. Monocarp.
51• Shrubs
4615.5.2 Reproductive Growth And Development
52• Trees
462Flower Induction
53Classification by discipline
463Vernalization
54Classification by use
464Photoperiodism
55• Ornamental
465Other Factors
56• Industrial
466Flower Initiation and Development
57• Vegetable versus fruit
467Pollination
581.6 Summary
468Fertilization
591.7 Questions
469Fruit Formation and Development
60References: Figure Resource
470Fruit Ripening
612.1 The Term ‘Hormone.’
471Senescence
62The Big Five
4725.6 Plant Hormones
631. Auxins
4735.6.1 Auxins
64Description
4745.6.2 Gibberellins
65Production
4755.6.3 Cytokinins
66Transport
4765.6.4 Ethylene
67Effects
4775.6.5 Abscisic Acid
68• Cell And Stem Elongation
4785.7 Non Pathogenic plant disorders
69• Tropic Responses
4795.7.1 Weather-Related Plant Disorders
70• Cell Division And Vascular Differentiation
480Temperature
71• Root Initiation
481• Extreme Cold
72• Lateral Shoot Inhibition (Apical Dominance)
482• Extreme Heat
73• Stimulation Of Ethylene Production
483Moisture
74• Fruit Set And Growth
484• Excess Moisture
75• Fruit And Leaf Abscission
485• Excess Dryness (Drought)
76Horticultural utilization
486• Low Humidity
772. Cytokinins
487Light
78Description
488• Intense Light
79Production
489• Low Light
80Transport
490Nutrients
81Effects
491• Nutrient Deficiency
82• Cell Division
492• Nutrient Excess
83• Overcoming Apical Dominance
4935.7.2 Human-Related Activities
84• Stimulation Of Leaf Blade Growth
494Industrial Production
85• Cell Expansion
495Pesticide Application
86Horticultural utilization
496Fertilizer Application
873. Gibberellins
4975.8 Summary
88Description
4985.9 Questions
89Production
499References: Figure Resource
90Transport
5006.1 What Is Plant Breeding?
91Effects
5011. Address world food, feed, and nutritional needs.
92• Stem Elongation
5022. Address the food needs of a growing population.
93• Flowering
5033. The need to adapt plants to environmental stresses.
94• Seed Germination
5043. The need to adapt crops to specific production systems.
95• Growth Inhibition
5055. Satisfying industrial and other end-use requirements.
96Horticultural utilization
5066. Developing new horticultural plants.
97Ethylene
5076.2 The Art and Science of Plant Breeding
98Description
5086.3 The concept of Genetic Manipulation
99Production
509Importance Of Daylily And Classical Breeding Challenges
100Transport
510Ideal Daylily Tissue Culture Method For The Crop Improvement
101Effects
511Application, Challenges, And Prospects Of Daylily Tissue Culture For Genetic Improvement
102• Fruit ripening, Senescence, Andabscission
512Meristem And Inflorescence Explants And Related Challenges
103• Leaf Abscission
513Leaf Explant Potential
104• Flowering
514Morphogenic Potency Of Selected Growth Regulators
105• Epinasty
515Physical State Of The Medium
106• The Ethylene Triple Response
516The Influence Of Transformation Method In Regeneration Explant Selection
107• Thigmomorphogenesis
517Daylily Experimental Approaches
108• Root Growth
518The Influence Of TDZ On Daylily Callus Organ Formation
109• Seed Germination And Bud Sprouting
5196.4 Summary
110• Fruit Ripening
5206.5 Questions
111• Latex Flow
521References: Figure Resource
112• Stem Elongation And Thickening
5227.1 Weeds
113Horticultural utilization
5237.1.1 Economic Importance
1145. Abscisic acid
5247.1.2 Biology, Classification, And Distribution
115Description
5251. Annuals.
116Nomenclature
5262. Biennials.
117Production
5273. Perennials.
118Transport
5287.1.3 Controlling Weeds
119Effects
5297.1.4 Weeds As Indicators Of Soil Fertility
120• Plant Stress And Cross-Protection
5307.2 Parasitic Plants
121• Water Stress Responses
5311. Epiphytes.
122• Seed Maturation And Dormancy
5322. Hemiparasites.
123Horticultural utilization
5333. True parasites.
1242.3 Some Other Growth Regulating Substances
5347.3 Common Selected Weeds
125Florigen
5351. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense).
126Jasmonates
5362. Hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium).
127Polyamines
5373. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).
128Salicylic acid
5384. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).
129SA and flowering
5395. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca).
130Thermogenic plants
5406. Common lamb’s-quarter (Chenopodium album).
131SA and disease resistance
5417.4 Insects
1322.4 Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators and Their
5427.4.1 Economic Importance
133Uses in Horticulture
5437.4.2 Important Insect Orders
134Apple crop management
5441. Lepidoptera.
135Growth regulators used to improve crop management
5452. Coleoptera.
136Pre-harvest treatment to improve quality
5463. Hymenoptera.
137Postharvest treatment to improve storage
5474. Diptera.
138Growth control in greenhouse crops
5487.4.3 Classification Of Insect Pests
139Growth control in woody ornamentals
5491. No metamorphosis.
140Turf management
5502. Gradual metamorphosis.
141Herbicides
5513. Incomplete metamorphosis.
142Class I – cell division inhibitors
5524. Complete metamorphosis.
143Class II – GA biosynthesis inhibitors
553Classification Based on Feeding Habit
144Miscellaneous plant growth regulator uses in horticulture
554Chewing Insects
145Desiccants for aiding harvest
5557.4.4 Close Relatives Of Insects
146Pre-harvest treatment to aid harvesting
556Mites
147Postharvest treatment to prolong the quality
557Spiders
1482.5 Summary
5587.4.5 Storage Pests
1492.6 Questions
5597.4.6 SOME IMPORTANT GENERAL INSECTS AND MITES
150References: Figure Resource
5601. Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decimilneata).
1513.1 What is Growth?
5612. Cucumber beetles (Diabrotica undecimpunctata [12-spotted beetle]; Acalymma trivittata [striped beetle]).
1523.2 Growth curves
5623. Cutworms.
153Exponential : Sigmoid
5634. Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni).
1543.3 What is Development?
5645. Corn earworm (Heliothus zea).
155Development versus differentiation
5656. Squash vine borer (Melittia calabaza).
156Growth of undifferentiated tissue into differentiated tissue
5667. Leaf miners.
157Development of differentiated tissue
5678. Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.).
158Growth of plant from an embryo through maturity
5689. Thrips.
159Factors Affecting Both Growth and Development
56910. Aphids.
1603.4 Plant Movements
57011. Ants.
161Autonomous
5717.4.7 Control
162Induced
5727.5 Diseases
163(i) Nastic movements
5737.5.1 Fungi
164(ii) Tactic movements
5747.5.2 Bacteria
1653.5 Turgor versus growth movements : Stimulus perception, forwarding, and conversion into movement
5757.5.3 Viruses
1663.6 Summary
5767.5.4 Mycoplasma-Like Organisms
1673.7 Questions
5777.6 Other Pests Of Horticultural Plants
168References: Figure Resource
5787.6.1 Small Animals
1694.1 Climate, Weather And Horticulture
5797.6.2 Birds
1704.2 Above Ground Environment
5807.6.3 Nematodes
1714.2.1 Abiotic Factors
5817.6.4 Snails And Slugs
172Air
5827.7 How Disease Occurs
173Air Pollution
5837.7.1 Disease Factors
174Concentration in the atmosphere
584Disease development occurs in stages
175Acid Rain
585Inoculation
176Water
586Penetration
177Role
587Responses to Invasion by Pathogens
178Moisture Stress
588Dissemination
179Temperature
589Overwintering or Oversummering
180Protection against Cold Temperature–Related Losses
5907.7.2 Defense Against Pathogens By Plants
1811. Use frost forecast.
591Structural Defense
1822. Protect plants.
592Induced Defense
183a. Hot caps.
593Biochemical Defense
184b. Sprinkler application.
5947.7.3 Genetics Of Disease Resistance
185c. Plastic mulching.
5957.7.4 Apparent Resistance
186e. Polyethylene tunnels.
5967.7.5 Genetic Basis Of Disease Incidence
187f. Wind machines.
5977.8 Summary
188g. Heaters.
5987.9 Questions
189Temperature Stress
599References: Figure Resource
190Dormancy
6008.1 Control Strategies
191Other Temperature Effects
6018.1.1 Principles Of Control
192Light
602Exclusion
193Light Intensity
603Eradication
194•Etiolation
604Protection
195• Color Development
605Resistance
196• Tillering And Branching
6068.1.2 Preventing Pest Attack
197Light Quality
6078.1.3 Designing Control Strategies
198Daily Duration of Light
6088.1.4 Principles And Methods Of Control
1991. Short-day plants (or long-night plants).
6091. Biological control.
2002. Long-day plants (or short-night plants).
6102. Cultural control.
2013. Day-neutral plants.
6113. Regulatory or legislative control.
2024. Intermediate-day plants.
6124. Chemical control.
203The Role of Darkness in Photoperiodism
6135. Mechanical control.
204Greenhouse Effect
614Controlling Diseases
2054.2.2 Biotic Factors
6151. Exclusion.
2064.3 Below Ground Environment
6162. Eradication.
2074.3.1 Soil
6173. Protection.
208Role of Soil in Horticulture
6184. Resistance.
209Soil Profile
6198.2 Classification Of Pesticides
2101. Topsoil (or A-horizon).
6201. Pesticides are used to control unwanted plants. : 2. Pesticides are used to control nonplant pests of plants.
2112. Subsoil (or B- and C-horizons).
6218.2.1 Insecticides
2123. Parent material (substratum or R-horizon).
6228.2.2 Fungicides
213Properties of Soil
6231. Protective fungicides.
2141. Physical Properties
6242. Systemic fungicides.
215• Soil Texture
6251. Organic fungicides.
216• Soil Structure
6262. Inorganic fungicides.
2172. Chemical Properties
6278.2.3 Nematicides
218• Cation Exchange Capacity
6288.2.4 Rodenticides
219Essential Soil Minerals for Plants
6298.2.5 Molluscicides
220Primary Nutrients (Macronutrients)
6308.2.6 Miticides
221• Nitrogen (N)
6318.2.7 Aviacides
222• Phosphorus (P)
6328.3 Growth Regulators In Pest Control
223• Potassium (K)
6338.4 Choosing A Pesticide
224Secondary Nutrients
6348.4.1 Steps In The Decision-Making Process Of Pest Control
225• Calcium (Ca)
6351. Detection.
226• Magnesium (Mg)
6362. Identification.
227• Sulfur (S)
6373. Biology and habits.
228Micronutrients (Trace Elements)
6384. Economic importance.
229• Boron (B)
6395. Choice of method of control.
230• Iron (Fe)
6406. Application.
231• Molybdenum (Mo)
6417. Evaluation.
232• Manganese (Mn)
6428. Recordkeeping
233• Zinc (Zn)
6438.4.2 Environmental And Safety Concerns
234• Copper (Cu)
6448.4.3 Importance Of Pesticide Labels
235• Chlorine (Cl)
6458.4.4 Pesticide Toxicity
2364.3.2 Soil Organic Matter
6468.4.5 Using Pesticides Safely
2374.3.3 Soil Reaction And Nutrient Availability
6478.4.6 Methods Of Pesticide Application
238Factors That Affect pH
6488.5 Integrated Pest Management
239Correcting pH
6498.5.1 Goals Of IPM
2404.3.4 Improving Soil Fertility
6501. Improved control of pests.
241Fallow Period
6512. Pesticide management.
242Organic Matter
6523. Economic protection of plants.
243Inorganic Fertilizers
6534. Reduction of potential hazards.
2444.4 Organic Fertilizers
6548.5.2 Decision-Making Process In Developing An Ipm Program
2454.5 Inorganic Fertilizers
6558.5.3 Tools For An IPM Program
2464.6 Fertilizer Formulations
6568.6 Rationale Of Biological Control
247Fertilizer Nomenclature
6578.7 Strategies Of Biological Control
248Fertilizer Forms
6581. Structural.
249Slow- or Controlled-Release Fertilizers
6592. Chemicals.
250Commercial Sources of Inorganic Fertilizers
6603. Phytoalexins.
251Nitrogen
6614. Parasitism.
252Phosphorus
6625. Prey-predator relationships.
253Potassium
6636. Antagonism.
254Calcium
6647. Repellents.
255Magnesium
6658. Alternative host (trap plants).
256Sulfur
6669. Biocontrol.
257Boron
66710. Microbial sprays (biopesticides).
258Iron
6688.7.1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biological Control
259Molybdenum
669Advantages
260Manganese
670Disadvantages
261Zinc
6718.7.2 Other Examples Of Biological Control
2624.7 Soil Nutritional Monitoring
6728.8 Cultural Control
263Visual Diagnosis
6738.8.1 Crop Rotation
264Soil Test
6748.8.2 Sanitation
265Foliar Analysis
6758.8.3 Use Of Resistant Cultivars
2664.8 Applying Fertilizers
6768.8.4 Host Eradication
2674.8.1 Methods of Placement in the Field
6778.8.5 Mulching
268Dry Application
6788.9 Legislative Control
2691. Broadcast application.
6798.10 Mechanical And Physical Control
2702. Banding.
6801. Traps.
2713. Side-dressing.
6812. Handpicking.
2724. Drill hole.
6823. Barriers.
273Liquid Application
6834. Tillage.
2741. Starter fertilizer application.
6845. Mulching.
2752. Foliar application.
6856. Heat treatment.
276Application of Gas
6867. Cold treatment.
2774.8.2 Methods Of Application
6878. Radiation.
278I. Dry Application
6888.11 Insecticides And Their Use
279a. Manual
6898.11.1 Classification Based On Killing Action
280b. Mechanized
6901. Contact action.
281II. Liquid Application
6912. Stomach action.
282III. Foliar Application : Fertigation
6923. Systemic action.
2834.8.3 Timing Of Application
6934. Fumigation.
2844.8.4 Fertilizer Recommendations
6945. Repellent action.
2854.8.5 Greenhouse Fertilization
6956. Attractant action.
2864.8.6 Fertilizer Calculations
6967. Suffocation.
2874.9 Soil Salinity
6978.11.2 Classification Based On Chemistry Of Active Ingredient
2884.10 Soil Organisms
698Inorganic Compounds (Inorganics)
2894.10.1 Microorganisms
699Organic Compounds (Organics)
2904.10.2 Nonarthropod Animals
700Synthetic Organic Compounds
2914.10.3 Arthropod Animals
7011. Organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons).
2924.10.4 Vertebrate Animals
7022. Organophosphates.
2934.11 Soil Air
7033. Carbamates.
2944.12 Soil Temperature
7044. Pyrethroids.
2954.13 Soil Water
7055. Fumigants
2964.13.1 How Soil Retains Water
7066. Spray Oils
2974.13.2 Types Of Soil Moisture
707Biologicals (Microbial Insecticides)
2984.13.3 Water Table
7088.11.3 Formulations Of Insecticides
2994.13.4 How Soil Loses Moisture
709Dry Formulations
3004.13.5 Evapotranspiration
710Dust
3014.13.6 Providing Supplemental Water For Plants
711Pellets
3024.13.7 Factors To Consider For Irrigation
712Baits
3031. Crop.
713Liquid Formulations
3042. Source of water.
714Aerosols
3053. Soil type.
715Flowables
3064. Slope of the land.
716Fumigants
3075. Rainfall regime of the region.
7178.11.4 Application Equipment
3086. Crop rotation.
718Small-Scale Applicators Pressurized Cans
3097. Surface of the land.
719Compressed-Air Tank Spray
3108. Cost.
720Atomizer Sprayer
3114.13.8 Methods Of Irrigation
721Dusters
312Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation
7228.11.5 Equipment Calibration
313Drip or Trickle Irrigation
7238.11.6 Strategies For Effective And Safe Application
314Surface Irrigation
724Identify Pest
3154.13.9 Source Of Water
725Determine Economic Damage Potential
3164.13.10 Water Quality
726Insect Biology
3174.13.11 Evapotranspiration And Its Effect On Irrigation
7278.12 Classification Of Herbicides
3184.13.12 Best Time Of Day To Irrigate
7288.12.1 Selectivity
3194.13.13 Precipitation Rate : Irrigation Kits
729Selective Herbicides
3204.13.14 Conserving Soil Moisture
730Nonselective Herbicides
3214.13.15 Factors Affecting Watering Frequency
7318.12.2 Contact Versus Translocated
3221. Species.
7328.12.3 Timing Of Application
3232. Soil properties.
733Preplant
3243. Stage in plant growth.
734Preemergence
3254. Season.
735Postemergence
3265. Conservation practice.
7368.12.4 Chemistry
3274.13.16 Spray Heads For Sprinklers
737Organic Herbicides
3284.13.17 Pumps For Irrigation Systems
738Organic Arsenicals
3294.13.18 Soil Drainage
739Phenoxy Herbicides
3301. Surface drainage.
740Diphenyl Ethers
3312. Subsurface drainage.
741Carbamates
332Advantages of Drainage
742Aliphatic Acids
3331. Strong structural foundation.
743Arylaliphatic Acid
3342. Aeration.
744Inorganic Herbicides
3353. Warm soil.
7458.13 Formulations
3364. Timely field planting.
7468.13.1 Liquids
3374.13.19 Environmental Concerns
7478.13.2 Granules
3384.14 Field Growing Media
7488.14 Methods Of Application
3394.14.1 Purposes Of Tillage
7491. Broadcast application.
3401. Seedbed preparation.
7502. Band application.
3412. Level land.
7513. Spot application.
3423. Weed control.
7528.15 Factors Influencing Herbicide Effectiveness
3434. Incorporation of organic matter and soil amendments.
7531. Weed identification and assessment of infestation.
3445. Improved physical properties of soil.
7542. Herbicide selection.
3456. Erosion control.
7553. Time of application.
3464.14.2 Types Of Tillage
7564. Correct rate of application (equipment calibration).
347Primary Tillage
7576. Weather factors.
348Secondary Tillage
7587. Age of weeds.
3494.14.3 Tillage Systems
7598. Soil characteristics.
350Conventional Tillage
7608.16 Indoor Weed Control
351Conservation Tillage
7618.17 Suggested Herbicides For The Home Garden
352Minimum Tillage
7628.18 Common Greenhouse Insect Pests
353Listing
7631. Aphids.
354Cultivation
7642. Fungus gnats.
3554.15 Potting Media
7653. Leaf miners.
3564.15.1 Formulating A Mix
7664. Mealybugs.
357Properties of a Good Mix
7675. Mites.
358Materials of Plant Origin
7686. Scale insects.
359• Peat Moss
7697. Slugs and snails.
360• Wood By-Products
7708. Thrips.
361• Bark
7719. Whiteflies.
362• Other Minor Sources
77210. Caterpillars.
363• Carbon to nitrogen ration
7738.20 Common Greenhouse Diseases
364Materials of Mineral (Rock)
7748.20.1 Viruses
365• Sand
7758.20.2 Bacteria
366• Perlite
7768.20.3 Fungi
367• Vermiculite
7771.Powdery mildew.
368Other Additives for Mixes
7782. Botrytis blight.
3691. Fertilizer.
7793. Root rot.
3702. Limestone.
7804. Damping-off.
3713. Wetting agent.
7815. Verticillium wilt.
3724. Polystyrene pieces.
7828.20.4 Nematodes
3734.15.2 Factors To Consider In Choosing Materials For A Mix
7838.21 Control Methods
374Quality of Ingredients
7841. Pesticide spray.
375Availability
7852. Aerosol.
376Cost
7863. Dust.
377Use
7874. Fog.
378Ease of Preparation
7885. Smoke.
3794.15.3 Constituting Mixes
7898.22 Control Strategies
380Standard Mixes
7908.23 Preventing Greenhouse Diseases
381Roles of Ingredients in a Mix
7918.23.1 Environmental Control
3821. Good water retention.
7928.23.2 Sanitation
3832. Good drainage and aeration.
7938.3 Summary
3843. Proper pH.
7948.4 Questions
3854. Fertility.
795References: Figure Resource
386Advantages of Soilless Mixes
796A
3871. Uniformity of mix.
797B
3882. Ease of handling.
798C
3893. Versatility.
799D
3904. Sterility.
800E
3915. Good drainage and moisture retention.
801F
3926. Convenience of use.
802G
393Disadvantages of Soilless Mixes
803H
3941. Lightweight.
804I
3952. Limited nutritional supply.
805J
3963. Lack of field correspondence.
806K
3974. Cost.
807L
3984.16 Soil Sterilization
808M
3994.16.1 Field Sterilization
809N
4004.16.2 Sterilization Of Greenhouse Soil
810O
401Steam Pasteurization
811P
402Chemical Sterilization
812R
4034.17 Liquid Media
813S
4044.18 Summary
814T
4054.19 Questions
815U
406References
816V
407Figure Resource
817W
408Table Resource
818X
4095.1 Growth and Development
819Z
4105.1.1 Growth
