1Chapter-1
368Thermodynamic Cycles:
2Introduction to Thermodynamics
369Equation of State:
31.1 Introduction
370Thermodynamic Properties:
41.2 Basic Concepts
371Process Simulation:
5State Variables:
372Energy Integration:
6Thermodynamic Processes:
373Environmental Impact:
7Thermal Equilibrium:
374Chapter-11
8Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
375Thermodynamics of Non-Equilibrium Systems
9First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy):
37611.1 Introduction
10Second Law of Thermodynamics:
377Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics:
11Entropy:
378Irreversibility:
12Carnot Cycle:
379Entropy Production:
13Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps:
380Fluctuations:
141.3 Laws of Thermodynamics
381Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics:
15Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
382Linear Response Theory:
16First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy):
383Nonlinear Dynamics:
17Second Law of Thermodynamics:
384Transport Phenomena:
18Third Law of Thermodynamics:
385Far-from-Equilibrium Systems:
191.4 State Functions
386Prigogine’s Theory of Dissipative Structures:
20Independence of Path:
387Self-Organization:
21Mathematical Properties:
388Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions:
22Examples of State Functions:
389Applications:
23Differential Change:
39011.2 Irreversible Processes
24Significance:
391Entropy Generation:
251.5 Thermodynamic Systems and Surroundings
392Energy Dissipation:
26Closed System (Control Mass):
393Unidirectional Nature:
27Open System (Control Volume):
394Second Law of Thermodynamics:
28Isolated System:
395Loss of Useful Energy:
29Adiabatic System:
396Examples:
30Interactions:
397Entropy Production:
31Energy Exchange:
398Engineering Considerations:
32Boundary Conditions:
39911.3 Entropy Production
33Influence on Thermodynamic Processes:
400Definition:
34Environment Considerations:
401Second Law of Thermodynamics:
35Chapter-2
402Irreversible Processes:
36Properties of Gases
403Quantification:
372.1 Introduction
404Entropy Balance:
382.2 Ideal Gas Law
405Minimization:
392.3 Real Gases and Deviations from Ideal Behavior
406Entropy Production in Different Systems:
40Volume of Gas Particles:
407Entropy Production Rate:
41Intermolecular Forces:
408Entropy Generation Number:
42Size and Shape of Gas Molecules:
409Applications:
43High Pressure and Low Temperature:
41011.4 Onsager’s Reciprocal Relations
44Volume of Gas Particles:
411Origins:
45Intermolecular Forces:
412Microscopic Reversibility:
46Non-ideal Gas Mixtures:
413Thermodynamic Forces and Fluxes:
47Temperature and Pressure:
414Matrix Formulation:
48Finite Volume of Gas Particles:
415Symmetry:
49Intermolecular Forces:
416Irreversibility:
50Non-Ideal Gas Mixtures:
417Applications:
51Temperature and Pressure:
418Experimental Verification:
522.4 Compressibility Factor
41911.5 Linear Response Theory
532.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
420Equilibrium Systems:
54Conceptual Basis:
421Response Functions:
55Mathematical Representation:
422Linear Approximation:
56Application:
423Green’s Functions:
57Experimental Verification:
424Time-Dependent Perturbations:
58Chapter-3
425Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem:
59First Law of Thermodynamics
426Applications:
603.1 Introduction
427Experimental Techniques:
61Internal Energy (U):
428Thermodynamic Limit:
62Heat (Q):
429Quantum Mechanical Formulation:
63Work (W):
430Density Response Functions:
64Sign Convention:
431Non-Equilibrium Green’s Functions:
653.2 Internal Energy
432Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT):
66Kinetic Energy:
433Linear Response in Statistical Mechanics:
67Potential Energy:
434Beyond Linear Response:
68Microscopic Perspective:
435Computational Techniques:
69Macroscopic Perspective:
436Chapter-12
70Change in Internal Energy:
437Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions
71Significance:
43812.1 Introduction
723.3 Heat and Work
439Types of Phase Transitions:
73Heat (Q):
440First-Order Phase Transitions:
74Work (W):
441Second-Order Phase Transitions:
75Relationship Between Heat and Work:
442Order Parameter:
76Applications:
443Critical Point:
773.4 Heat Capacity
444Phase Diagrams:
78Total Heat Capacity (C):: Specific Heat Capacity:
445Clapeyron Equation:
793.5 Enthalpy
446Landau Theory of Phase Transitions:
803.6 Applications of the First Law
447Universality Classes:
81Heat Engines:
448Renormalization Group Theory:
82Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems:
449Applications:
83Chemical Reactions:
450Free Energy and Phase Transitions:
84Thermal Power Plants:
451Hysteresis:
85Heating and Cooling Processes:
452Metastable States:
86Energy Conservation:
453Nucleation:
87Environmental Studies:
454Spinodal Decomposition:
88Material Processing:
455Phase Coexistence:
89Biological Systems:
456Critical Opalescence:
90Transportation:
457Supercooling and Superheating:
91Chapter-4
458Phase Transformations in Materials:
92Second Law of Thermodynamics
459Experimental Techniques:
934.1 Introduction
460Computer Simulations:
94Entropy:
46112.2 Classification of Phase Transitions
95Direction of Processes:
462Nature of the Transition:
96Heat Engines:
463Order of the Transition:
97Refrigerators and Heat Pumps:
464Behavior of Thermodynamic Properties:
98Entropy Production:
465Universality Classes:
99Statistical Interpretation:
466Equilibrium vs. Nonequilibrium Transitions:
100Entropy and Information:
467Criticality and Critical Phenomena:
101Implications for the Universe:
468Topological Transitions:
1024.2 Entropy
469Non-Conventional Transitions:
103Definition:
470Order Parameter and Symmetry Breaking:
104Microscopic Perspective:
47112.3 Critical Phenomena
105Macroscopic Perspective:
472Critical Point:
106Entropy and Energy Dispersal:
473Scaling Laws:
107Second Law of Thermodynamics:
474Universality Classes:
108Entropy Production:
475Critical Exponents:
109Information Theory:
476Correlation Length:
1104.3 Entropy Changes in Processes
477Critical Opalescence:
1114.4 Carnot Cycle and Efficiency
478Renormalization Group Theory:
112Isothermal Heat Addition (Process 1-2):
479Experimental Observations:
113Isentropic Expansion (Process 2-3):
480Applications:
114Isothermal Heat Rejection (Process 3-4):
481Finite-Size Scaling:
115Isentropic Compression (Process 4-1):
482Crossover Phenomena:
116Efficiency of the Carnot Cycle:
483Experimental Techniques:
1174.5 Entropy and the Clausius Inequality
484Universality and Conformal Field Theory:
118Entropy (S):
485Phase Transitions in Statistical Mechanics:
119Clausius Inequality:
486Applications in Cosmology:
120Implications:
487Non-Equilibrium Critical Phenomena:
121Applications:
488Quantum Criticality:
122Chapter-5
48912.4 Landau Theory of Phase Transitions
123Free Energy and Chemical Potential
490Order Parameter:
1245.1 Introduction
491Free Energy Expansion:
125Free Energy (G):: Chemical Potential (μ):
492Symmetry Breaking:
1265.2 Gibbs Free Energy
493Landau Potential:
127Relation to Entropy and Enthalpy:
494Phase Diagrams:
128Chemical Reactions:
495Critical Behavior:
129Phase Transitions:
496Applicability:
130Equilibrium:
497Extensions:
131Applications:
498Mean-Field Approximation:
1325.3 Helmholtz Free Energy
499Critical Point and Critical Temperature:
133Definition:
500Phase Transition Classes:
134Spontaneity and Equilibrium:
501Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking:
135Relation to Gibbs Free Energy:
502Landau-Ginzburg Equation:
136Applications:
503Mean-Field Critical Exponents:
137Chemical Reactions:
504Application to Various Systems:
138Phase Transitions:
505Experimental Verification:
1395.4 Chemical Potential
50612.5 Thermodynamics of Magnetic Systems
140Definition:
507Magnetic Ordering:
141Interpretation:
508Types of Magnetic Ordering:
142Relation to Thermodynamic Potentials:
509Curie Temperature:
143Chemical Equilibrium:
510Critical Phenomena:
144Phase Equilibrium:
511Phase Diagrams:
145Applications:
512Magnetic Hysteresis:
1465.5 Conditions for Equilibrium
513Spin Waves:
147Thermal Equilibrium:
514Exchange Interactions:
148Mechanical Equilibrium:
515Magnetocaloric Effect:
149Chemical Equilibrium:
516Applications:
150Phase Equilibrium:
517Domain Structure:
151Chapter-6
518Coercivity and Remanence:
152Phase Equilibria
519Anisotropy:
1536.1 Introduction
520Spin-Orbit Coupling:
154Types of Phase Equilibria:
521Quantum Magnetic Systems:
155Triple Point:
522Magnetic Resonance:
156Critical Point:
523Magnetostriction:
157Phase Diagrams:
524Magnetoelastic Effects:
158Phase Transitions:
525Magnetic Phase Transitions:
159Applications:
526Emergent Phenomena:
1606.2 Phase Diagrams
527Chapter-13
161Components and Phases:
528Thermodynamics of Soft Matter
162Axes and Regions:
52913.1 Introduction
163Phase Boundaries:
530Phase Transitions:
164Triple and Critical Points:
531Entropy and Free Energy:
165Phase Diagrams for Binary Systems:
532Self-Assembly:
166Applications:
533Critical Phenomena:
1676.3 Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
534Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics:
168Definition:
535Fluctuations and Response:
169Conditions for Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium:
536Statistical Mechanics:
170Phase Diagram Representation:
537Polymer Thermodynamics:
171Boiling Point:
538Colloidal Systems:
172Applications:
539Liquid Crystals:
1736.4 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
540Surfactants and Micelles:
174Definition:
541Biological Soft Matter:
175Conditions for Solid-Liquid Equilibrium:
542Thermodynamics of Interfaces:
176Phase Diagram Representation:
543Thermodynamics of Soft Robotics:
177Melting Point:
544Thermodynamics of Active Matter:
178Applications:
545Thermodynamics of Nanomaterials:
1796.5 Gibbs Phase Rule
54613.2 Polymer Thermodynamics
180Degrees of Freedom (F):
547Phase Transitions:
181Components (C):
548Flory-Huggins Theory:
182Phases (P):
549Polymer-Solvent Interactions:
183Interpretation:
550Conformational Equilibria:
184Applications:
551Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends:
185Chapter-7
552Glass Transition:
186Solutions and Mixtures
553Crystallization:
1877.1 Introduction
554Elasticity and Viscoelasticity:
188Solutions:
555Polymer Chain Statistics:
189Types of Solutions:
556Entropy Elasticity:
190Solubility:
557Flory-Stockmayer Theory:
191Mixtures:
558Polymer Brushes:
192Components:
559Thermodynamics of Polymer Nanocomposites:
193Homogeneity vs. Heterogeneity:
560Thermodynamics of Polymer Adsorption:
194Separation Methods:
561Entropy-Driven Processes:
1957.2 Ideal Solutions
562Thermodynamics of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers:
196Definition:
56313.3 Liquid Crystals
197Raoult’s Law:
564Phases of Liquid Crystals:
198Characteristics:
565Thermodynamic Stability:
199Applications:
566Order Parameters:
200Deviation from Ideal Behavior:
567Phase Transitions:
2017.3 Raoult’s Law
568Elasticity and Director Field:
202Definition:
569Surface Anchoring:
203Mathematical Expression:
570Thermotropic and Lyotropic Liquid Crystals:
204Key Points:
571Applications:
205Conditions for Applicability:
572Polymeric Liquid Crystals:
206Deviations from Raoult’s Law:
573Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCPs):
207Applications:
574Liquid Crystal Elastomers:
2087.4 Non-Ideal Solutions
575Liquid Crystal Sensors:
209Definition:
576Liquid Crystal Photonics:
210Deviations from Raoult’s Law:
577Biological Liquid Crystals:
211Enthalpy of Mixing:
578Emerging Applications:
212Volume Changes upon Mixing:
57913.4 Colloidal Systems
213Types of Non-Ideal Solutions:
580Colloidal Stability:
214Applications:
581DLVO Theory:
2157.5 Activity Coefficients
582Surface Forces and Energy:
216Definition:
583Brownian Motion and Diffusion:
217Importance:
584Phase Behavior:
218Mathematical Representation:
585Rheology and Viscoelasticity:
219Types of Activity Coefficients:
586Colloidal Self-Assembly:
220Deviation from Ideal Behavior:
587Applications:
221Measurement and Prediction:
588Polymer-Colloid Interactions:
222Applications:
589Emulsions and Foams:
223Chapter-8
590Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Devices:
224Chemical Equilibrium
591Nanoparticle Colloids:
2258.1 Introduction
592Environmental Colloids:
226Definition:
593Bio-Colloids and Biomimetic Materials:
227Dynamic Nature:
594Colloidal Crystals and Photonic Materials:
228Equilibrium Constant:
595Dynamic Colloidal Systems:
229Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria:
59613.5 Thermodynamics of Biomolecules
230Le Chatelier’s Principle:
597Gibbs Free Energy:
231Applications:
598Enthalpy and Entropy:
232Equilibrium Expressions:
599Equilibrium Constants:
2338.2 Equilibrium Constant
600Protein Folding and Stability:
234Definition:
601Binding Affinity and Ligand-Receptor Interactions:
235Characteristics:
602DNA Stability and Hybridization:
236Units and Dimensions:
603Allosteric Regulation and Cooperativity:
237Temperature Dependence:
604Metabolic Pathways and Energy Coupling:
238Equilibrium Expressions:
605Enzyme Catalysis:
239Applications:
606Thermodynamic Signatures of Disease and Drug Design:
2408.3 Reaction Quotient
607Protein-Ligand Binding Kinetics:
241Definition:
608Conformational Changes and Molecular Dynamics:
242Comparison with Equilibrium Constant:
609Protein Stability and Misfolding Diseases:
243Significance:
610RNA Folding and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes:
244Applications:
611Membrane Biophysics and Lipid-Protein Interactions:
2458.4 Le Chatelier’s Principle
612Thermodynamics of Cellular Energetics:
246Definition:
613Thermodynamic Models of Biological Networks:
247Statement:
614Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Engineering:
248Response to Changes:
615Thermodynamic Signatures of Biological Evolution:
249Changes in Concentration:
616Biophysical Techniques for Thermodynamic Studies:
250Changes in Pressure or Volume:
617Chapter-14
251Changes in Temperature:
618Thermodynamics of Nanomaterials
252Applications:
61914.1 Introduction
2538.5 Van’t Hoff Equation
620Surface Energy and Surface Tension:
254Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium:
621Gibbs Free Energy and Phase Transitions:
255Thermodynamic Parameters:
622Size-Dependent Properties:
256Reaction Kinetics:
623Thermal Stability and Phase Diagrams:
257Phase Transitions:
624Entropy and Entropic Effects:
258Catalysis and Reaction Engineering:
625Solubility and Solvation:
259Biological Systems:
626Thermodynamic Stability of Nanoparticles:
260Experimental Techniques:
627Chemical Potential and Reactivity:
261Chapter-9
628Lattice Defects and Defect Thermodynamics:
262Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
629Thermodynamics of Nanocomposites:
2639.1 Introduction
630Entropy-Driven Self-Assembly:
264Redox Reactions:
631Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle Synthesis:
265Cell Potential (Electromotive Force):
632Thermodynamics of Nanofluids and Nanosuspensions:
266Standard Electrode Potential:
633Thermodynamic Modeling of Nanomaterials:
267Nernst Equation:
634Thermodynamics of Nanoscale Phase Separation:
268Spontaneity of Redox Reactions:
635Thermodynamics of Quantum Dots:
269Relationship between Equilibrium Constant and Cell Potential:
636Thermodynamics of Nanoporous Materials:
270Applications:
637Entropy-Driven Nanostructure Formation:
2719.2 Nernst Equation
638Thermodynamics of Nanocomposite Membranes:
272Temperature Dependence:
639Thermodynamic Stability of Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles:
273Concentration Dependence:
640Entropy-Driven Nanomaterial Assembly for Energy Applications:
274Standard Conditions:
641Thermodynamics of Nanothermodynamics:
275Direction of Reaction:
642Entropy-Driven Nanomaterial Functionalization:
276Applications:
643Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems:
277Concentration Cells:
644Entropy-Driven Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation:
278pH Measurement:
645Thermodynamic Modeling of Nanoscale Interactions:
279Redox Titration:
646Entropy-Driven Nanoparticle Assembly for Functional Materials:
280Biological Applications:
647Thermodynamics of Nanocrystalline Materials:
281Environmental Monitoring:
648Entropy-Driven Nanomaterial Fabrication via Bottom-Up Approaches:
282Electroplating:
649Thermodynamics of Nanomaterials under Extreme Conditions:
283Fuel Cells:
65014.2 Size Effects and Surface Energy
284Battery Design:
651Size Effects:
285Electrochemical Corrosion:
652Quantum Confinement:
286Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy:
653Surface Energy:
2879.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Cell Potential
654Surface Tension and Curvature Effects:
288Direction of Spontaneity:
655Surface Reconstruction and Relaxation:
289Relation to Cell Potential:
656Size-Dependent Melting and Phase Transitions:
290Number of Moles of Electrons:
657Surface Functionalization and Ligand Effects:
291Faraday Constant:
658Surface-Enhanced Properties:
292Temperature Dependence:
659Thermodynamic Stability:
293Applications:
660Applications in Nanotechnology:
2949.4 Standard Electrode Potentials
661Surface Reconstruction and Faceting:
295Definition:
662Size-Dependent Mechanical Properties:
296Measurement:
663Surface Stress and Nanomechanics:
297Sign Convention:
664Surface Diffusion and Kinetics:
298Reference Electrode:
665Wettability and Surface Interactions:
299Tabulated Values:
666Size-Dependent Thermal Conductivity:
300Use in Predicting Spontaneity:
667Surface Energy Anisotropy:
301Calculation of Cell Potential:
668Surface Energy Tuning and Surface Modification:
302Temperature Dependence:
669Surface Energy and Nanotoxicity:
303Relation to Equilibrium Constant:
670Surface Energy and Self-Assembly:
304Electron Transfer:
67114.3 Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles
305Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE):
672Surface Energy and Surface Tension:
306Comparison of Reactivity:
673Quantum Confinement Effects:
307Non-Metal Electrodes:
674Size-Dependent Melting and Phase Transitions:
308Application in Electrochemical Cells:
675Gibbs Free Energy and Stability:
309Effect of Concentration:
676Surface Functionalization and Ligand Effects:
310Relation to Half-Cell Potentials:
677Entropy-Driven Self-Assembly:
311Tabulated Values:
678Surface Plasmon Resonance and Optical Properties:
3129.5 Electrochemical Series
679Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Transport:
313Ordering:
680Chemical Potential and Surface Reactivity:
314Metals and Non-Metals:
681Nanoparticle-Substrate Interactions:
315Predicting Redox Reactions:
682Electrochemical Properties and Redox Reactions:
316Half-Reactions:
683Magnetic Properties and Spin Configurations:
317Application in Galvanic Cells:
684Entropy-Driven Nanoparticle Assembly:
318Corrosion:
685Thermodynamic Modeling of Nanoparticle Synthesis:
319Standard Reference:
686Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle Dispersions and Colloidal Stability:
320Multiple Series:
687Thermodynamic Phase Diagrams of Nanoparticle Systems:
321Applications in Metallurgy:
688Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle Surface Modification:
322Displacement Reactions:
689Thermodynamic Principles in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery:
323Hydrogen Ion Activity:
690Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle Toxicology:
324Oxidizing and Reducing Agents:
691Entropy-Driven Nanostructure Formation for Energy Applications:
325Standard Conditions:
692Thermodynamic Stability of Nanoparticle Catalysts:
326Anion and Cation Series:
693Thermodynamics of Nanoparticle-Based Sensors:
327Limitations:
69414.4 Quantum Confinement Effects
328Chapter-10
695Size-Dependent Bandgap:
329Applications of Thermodynamics
696Quantized Energy Levels:
33010.1 Introduction
697Size-Dependent Photoluminescence:
331Power Generation:
698Exciton Formation:
332Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC):
699Quantum Confinement Stark Effect:
333Chemical Engineering Processes:
700Carrier Mobility and Transport:
334Transportation:
701Tunneling and Quantum Transport:
335Renewable Energy Systems:
702Plasmonic and Surface Effects:
336Energy Storage:
703Quantum Dot Heterostructures:
337Material Science:
704Size-Dependent Charge Carrier Dynamics:
338Environmental Engineering:
705Stability and Degradation Mechanisms:
339Biological Systems:
706Temperature and Pressure Dependence:
340Thermal Management:
707Tunable Bandgap Engineering:
34110.2 Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
708Quantum Dot Solar Cells:
342Energy Transformations:
709Quantum Computing and Information Processing:
343Gibbs Free Energy:
710Single-Photon Emitters:
344ATP and Energy Currency:
711Quantum Dot Biomedical Imaging:
345Metabolic Pathways:
712Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes (QLEDs):
346Enzyme Catalysis:
71314.5 Applications in Nanotechnology
347Cellular Respiration:
714Optoelectronics:
348Photosynthesis:
715Quantum Computing:
349Membrane Transport:
716Biomedical Imaging:
350Thermoregulation:
717Drug Delivery and Therapeutics:
351Protein Folding and Stability:
718Sensing and Detection:
35210.3 Thermodynamics in Materials Science
719Catalysis:
353Phase Transitions:
720Energy Storage and Conversion:
354Gibbs Free Energy:
721Nanoelectronics:
355Phase Diagrams:
722Photonic Devices:
356Solid Solutions and Alloys:
723Environmental Remediation:
357Diffusion and Kinetics:
724Textiles and Clothing:
358Chemical Reactions and Equilibria:
725Food Packaging and Safety:
359Entropy and Disorder:
726Water Purification:
360Thermal Properties:
727Personal Care Products:
361Electrochemical Processes:
728Smart Agriculture:
362Materials Design and Optimization:
729Energy-Efficient Buildings:
36310.4 Thermodynamics in Process Engineering
730Cosmetics and Personal Care:
364Energy Balances:
731Flexible Electronics:
365Phase Equilibria:
732Environmental Monitoring:
366Chemical Reactions:
733Nanomedicine:
367Heat and Mass Transfer:
734Index
