11.1 Definition
172Local
21.2 Elements of Communication
173Syndicated
3• Sender
174Network
4• Message
1756.1.4.2 Television Stations
5• Encoding
176Network
6• Media
177Program Syndicators
7• Decoding
178Local Production
8• Receiver
1796.1.5 Programming for Independent Stations
9• Feedback
180Early Morning
10• Noise
181Afternoon
111.2.1 Communication Types
182Early Fringe
12• Verbal Communication
183Early Evening
13• Non-Verbal Communication
184Prime Access
14• Written Communication
185Late Fringe
15• Listening
186Overnight
16• Visual Communication
1876.1.6 Programming and the Station Representative
171.3 Concept of Mass Communication
1886.2 Introduction
181.4 History of Mass Communication
1896.2.1 The Franchising Process
191.5 Mass Media Functions
1906.2.2 Organization
20• Information function
191Government Affairs and Community Relations
21• Interpretation function
192Human Resources
22• Instructive function
193Business Operations
23• Bonding function
194Advertising Sales
24• Diversion function
195Technical Operations
251.6 Media Types
196Marketing
26• Print Media
197Customer Service
27• Newspapers
1986.2.3 Programming
28• Magazines
199• Local Origination and Access Channels
29• Books
200• Local, Over-the-Air Broadcast Stations
30• Banners
201• Distant Broadcast Stations
31• Billboards
202• Basic Cable Networks
32• Broadcasting Media
203• Pay-Cable Networks
33• Television
2046.2.4 Promotion
34• Radio
2056.2.5 What’s Ahead?
35• Movies
2066.3 Case Study
36• Internet Media
2076.4 Case Study
37• Social networks or websites
208References
38• Online forums
209Additional Readings
39• Podcast
210Figure Resource
401.7 Summary
2117.1 Introduction
411.8 Questions
2127.2 Background
42References: Figure Resource
2137.3 Types of Internet Messages
432.1 Introduction
214E-Mail
442.2 History
215Chat Rooms/Lines
452.3 Methods
216Instant Messaging
46Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932):
217Newsgroups
47Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920):
218Telnet
48Television broadcasting
2197.4 World Wide Web
49Cable radio (also called “cable F.M.,” from 1928) and cable television (from 1932):
2207.5 Types of Web Sites
50Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) (from c. 1974) and satellite radio (from c. 1990):
221Surfing
51Webcasting of video/television (from c. 1993) and audio/radio (from c. 1994) streams:
222Wikis
522.4 Economic models
223Really Simple Syndication (RSS)
53Commercial broadcasting:
224Blogs
54Public broadcasting:
225E-Commerce
55Community broadcasting:
226Streaming Media
562.5 Social impact
227Audio Streaming
572.6 Analog television
228Video Streaming
58Development
2297.6 Writing for the Internet
59Standards
2307.7 E-Mail, Chat Lines, and Instant Messaging
60Displaying an image
2317.8 Newsgroups and Blogs
61Other types of display screens
2327.9 Interactive Producing
62Receiving signals
233Interactive Staff
63Extracting the sound
234Interactive Writing
64Structure of a video signal
235Web Scripting
65Monochrome video signal extraction
2367.10 Internet Problems
66Color video signal extraction
2377.11 Questions
67Synchronization
238References: Figure Resource
68Horizontal synchronization
2398.1 Introduction
69Vertical synchronization
2408.2 Radio Stations
70Horizontal hold and vertical hold
241General Management
71Components of a television system
242Engineering
722.7 Transition to digital
243Production
732.8 Broadcast engineering : Duties
244Programming
742.9 Broadcast quality
245In recent days of radio stations
752.10 Broadcast television systems
2468.3 Television Stations
76Frames
247General Management
77Viewing technology
248Business Department
78Hidden signaling
249Human Resources
79Overscan
250Engineering
80Interlacing
251Production
81Image polarity
252Rehearsal time
82Modulation
253Camcorders
83Audio
254Studio Production
84Evolution
255Portable/Field Production
852.11 Comparison of analog vs. digital
256Editing
86Compression artifacts, picture quality monitoring, and allocated bandwidth
257Programming
87Effects of poor reception
258In recent days of television stations
88Effect on old analog technology
259Over-the-Top (OTT) Television
89The disappearance of T.V. audio receivers
2608.4 Cable Services
90Environmental issues
261Operations
912.12 Questions
262General Management
92References: Figure Resource
263Engineering
933.1 Introduction
264Production and Programming
943.2 The Fourth Estate
265Recent days of cable
953.3 Print Newswriting Basics
2668.5 Satellite Radio
963.4 Layout of the Print Copy Page
267General Management
973.5 Electronic Newswriting Basics
268Engineering
983.6 Newswriting Guidelines: Do not bury important information deep in the story.
269Production
993.7 Things to remember to avoid Poor and Bad Newswriting
270Programming
100Avoid Passive Writing
271Satellite TV
101Write in the Present or Future Tense
272General Management
102Sentences Need Subjects
273Engineering
103Avoid Run-On Sentences
274Production and Promotion
104Suggestions to Avoid Poor and Bad Writing
275Recent days of Satellite Radio
1053.8 Interviewing
276Recent days of Satellite Television
1063.9 Objectivity and Fairness
2778.6 Internet
1073.10 Radio Newswriting
2788.7 Questions
1083.11 Writing Radio News Copy
279References: Figure Resource
1093.12 Radio Script Format
2809.1 Introduction
1103.13 Radio Production
2819.2 Early Rating Systems
111Alphabet Soup for Radio News writers
2829.3 Gathering Audience Numbers
112Editing Radio News Media
283Radio and Television
113Live on Air
284Radio Diaries
1143.14 Television Newswriting
285Television Diaries
115Types of Newscasts
286Meters:
116Writing Television News Copy
287The Portable People Meter:
117Television News Script Format
288Challenges of Gathering Radio and Television Audience Numbers:
1183.15 Production Instructions: Television Production
289Samples:
1193.16 Sports Newswriting
290Location:
1203.17 Weather Newswriting
291Accuracy:
1213.19 Internet Newswriting
292Data Collection Method:
1223.20 Questions
2939.4 The Internet
123References: Figure Resource
294Online Ratings Data and Measurement : Challenges of Gathering Online Audience Numbers
1244.1 Introduction
2959.5 Calculating and Reporting Radio and Television Audience Numbers
1254.2 Scorecard: Here’s one of them:
296Means of Calculating
1264.3 All-News Radio Stations
297Ratings and Shares
1274.4 Good News Teams Are Also Found in Small Places
298Average Quarter
1284.5 Your Audience
299AQH rating and share are calculated as follows:
1294.6 Organizing Material
300Cumulative Persons
1304.7 The Lead Story
3019.6 Means of Reporting
1314.8 The Rest of the Newscast
302Television: Nielsen Services
1324.9 Localizing the News
303Television Ratings
1334.10 Story Length
304Broadcast and Cable Television Program Ratings
1344.11 Actualities
305Broadcast and Cable Network Ratings
1354.12 Wraparounds
3069.7 Separating Cable and Satellite Ratings
1364.13 Lead-Ins
3079.8 When Audience Numbers Are Not Enough
1374.14 Teases
3089.9 Music Preference Research
1384.15 Headlines
3099.10 Television Program Testing
1394.16 Pad Copy
310Television Quotient Data
1404.17 Back Timing
311Physiological Testing
1414.18 Questions
312Translating Audience Information to Advertising Sales
142References: Figure Resource
3139.11 Pricing Airtime for Radio and Television
1435.1 Introduction
314Dayparts
1445.2 Books
315Run of Schedule
1455.3 Magazines
316Fixed Buys
1465.4 Newspapers
317Frequency Discounts
1475.5 Brochures
318Local Discounts
1485.6 Other Printed Media
319Bartering
1495.7 Print Media within Electronic Media
320Cooperative Advertising
1505.8 Print Media within Multimedia
3219.12 Cable Television: Interconnect
1515.9 Distribution and Market Volume
3229.13 The Internet—Counting Online Ad Exposures
1525.10 Trends and Scenarios for the Future
323Hits
153Changes in the Traditional Printing Sector : Integration of New Media
324Cost Per Click
1545.11 Questions
325Cost Per Transaction (CPT)
155References: Figure Resource
326Cost Per Impression (CPI)/Cost Per Thousand Impressions (CPM)
1566.1 Introduction
327Time Spent Online
1576.1.1 The Audience
328Size-Based Pricing
1586.1.2 The Program Department: Functions
329Discount Online Advertising Sales and Buys
1596.1.3 The Program Manager
330Cooperative Advertising/Product Placement
160Responsibilities
331Discounts
161Program Planning
332Ad Exchanges/Ad Auctions
162Program Acquisition
333Mobile Marketing/Advertising Pricing
163Program Execution
3349.14 Never-ending Quest for Rating: Moving Target Audience
164Program Control
3359.15 Questions
165Qualities
336References
166Knowledge
337Figure Resource
167Skills
338Table Resource
168Personal Qualities
33910.1 Introduction
169Influences
34010.2 Challenges
1706.1.4 Program Sources
34110.3 The Rise of Media Theory
1716.1.4.1 Radio Stations
34210.4 Questions: References
