1Preface
15113.3 Taxonomy of sensory receptor cells
21 Animal Function and Ecological State
15213.4 Sensory Information
31.1 Introduction
15313.5 Mechanoreception
41.2 Animal habits and their impact on the ecosystem
15413.6 Vestibular organs
51.3 Animal functioning and its impact on the ecosystem
15513.7 Chemoreception
61.4 Types of ecological relationship with organisms
15613.8 Olfaction
71.4.1 Commensalism: Zero or Positive Interaction
15713.9 Photoreception
81.4.2 Competition: The Double Negative Interactions
15813.10 References
91.4.3 Amensalism: A negative / Zero Interaction
15914 Nervous System and Biological Clocks
101.4.4 Predation: One Wins and One Loses
16014.1 Introduction
111.4.5 Mutualism: Everyone Wins
16114.2 Constituents of Nervous System
121.5 Conclusion
16214.3 Principles of functional organization
131.6 References
16314.3.1 Functions of Brain are Localized
142 Building Blocks of Animal Physiology
16414.3.2 There are maps in Brains
152.1 Introduction
16514.3.3 Size of the Brain Matters
162.2 Structure of Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology
16614.3.4 Recurrent Enlargement of the Forebrain Parts is Involved in the Evolution of the Brain in Vertebrates
172.2.1 Types of Molecules: Animal Physiology
16714.3.5 Neural Connections are Flexible
182.2.2 Framework and Types of cells: Animal Physiology
16814.4 Biological clock: 14.4.1 Animals Possess Endogenous Rhythms
192.3 Cell function
16914.5 References
202.3.1 Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes
17015 Endocrine and Neuroendocrine System in Animals
212.3.2 Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition
17115.1 Introduction
222.3.3 Allosteric Inhibition and Activation
17215.2 Endocrine Principles
232.3.4 Cofactors and Co-enzymes
17315.2.1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships
242.3.5 Enzyme Compartmentalization
17415.2.2 Anterior Pituitary Controls
252.4 Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways: 2.4.1 Conclusion
17515.2.3 Posterior Pituitary Function
262.5 Reference
17615.3 Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Hormones
273 Genomics and Proteomics
17715.4 Types of Endocrine Cells and Glands
283.1 Introduction
17815.4.1 Hypothalamus
293.2 Genomic Approach
17915.4.2 Pituitary Gland
303.3 Proteomics Approach
18015.4.3 Thyroid Gland
313.4 Metabolomics
18115.4.4 Adrenal Glands
323.5 Conclusion
18215.4.5 Pineal Body
333.6 References
18315.4.6 Reproductive Glands
344 Epigenetics and its Role in Animal Physiology
18415.5 Reference
354.1 Introduction
18516 Reproduction
364.2 Physiological development
18616.1 Introduction: 16.1.1 Importance of reproduction
374.2.1 Apoptosis
18716.2 Types of animal reproduction
384.2.2 Growth and Development
18816.2.1 Asexual Reproduction in Animals
394.2.3 Neonatal
18916.2.2 Sexual Reproduction in Animals
404.2.4 Infancy
19016.3 Reproduction in humans
414.2.5 Adolescence
19116.3.1 Male Reproductive System
424.2.6 Adulthood
19216.3.2 Process of the Sperm Production and Maturation
434.2.7 Old Age
19316.3.3 Structure of Female Reproductive System
444.3 Epigenetics
19416.3.4 Oogenesis
454.3.1 Molecular Basis
19516.3.5 Menstruation
464.3.2 DNA Damage
19616.3.6 Pregnancy
474.3.3 Techniques Used for studying Epigenetics
19716.4 References
484.3.4 Development
19817 Navigation in Animal Physiology
494.3.5 Transgenerational
19917.1 Introduction
504.4 References
20017.2 Significance of animal navigation
515 Transportation of Water and Solutes
20117.2.1 Reproductive Success is Promoted by Honed Navigational Skills
525.1 Introduction
20217.2.2 Food Acquisition is Facilitated by Enhanced Navigational Skills
535.2 Passive Transportation of Solute by Simple Diffusion
20317.2.3 Navigational Abilities are Required for Migration
545.2.1 Simple Diffusion
20417.3 Navigational strategies
555.2.2 Facilitated Diffusion
20517.3.1 Following a trail or remembering the Landmarks
565.2.3 Channels
20617.3.2 Orientation by Polarized Light
575.2.4 Carrier Proteins
20717.3.3 Orientation by Sun and Night Sky
585.3 Filtration and Osmosis
20817.3.4 Magnetoreception
595.4 Electrochemical Gradient
20917.3.5 Olfactory Navigation
605.4.1 The Chemical Context of Chemistry
21017.3.6 Gravity Receptors
615.4.2 The Biological Context
21117.3.7 Way Marking
625.5 Reference
21217.3.8 Other Senses
636 Digestion in Animals
21317.4 Path integration
646.1 Introduction
21417.5 Animal navigation being affected by human activities
656.2 Animal Physiology and Use of Nutrients
21517.6 References.
666.3 Sources of Nutrients
21618 Muscle
676.3.1 Water
21718.1 Introduction
686.3.2 Fats
21818.2 Types of muscles
696.3.3 Minerals
21918.2.1 Skeletal Muscle (Striated or Striped Muscle)
706.3.4 Vitamins
22018.2.2 Non- striated Muscles (Smooth Muscles)
716.4 Feed Additives
22118.2.3 Cardiac Muscles
726.5 Animal Digestive System
22218.3 Structure of Muscle
736.6 Feeding
22318.4 Microanatomy and Gross Anatomy of a muscle
746.7 Absorption
22418.5 Contraction of Muscles
756.8 References
22518.6 Nervous Control
767 Metabolism in Animals
22618.7 Summary
777.1 Introduction
22718.8 References
787.1.1 Substrate-level “Phossphorylation”
22819 Muscles and Movement in Animal Physiolog
797.1.2 Aerobic Phosphorylation and Respiratory Chain.
22919.1 Introduction
807.2 Basic Terms of the energy metabolism
23019.2 Muscle Phenotype
817.3 Importance of energy metabolism
23119.3 Atrophy
827.3.1 Bioenergetics and Chemical Reactions
23219.3.1 Disuse of Atrophies
837.3.2 Cellular Metabolism
23319.3.2 Muscle Atrophy
847.4 Different types of energy
23419.4 Regulating muscle mass
857.4.1 Kinetic Energy
23519.5 References
867.4.2 Potential Energy
23620 Role of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen in Animal Physiology
877.4.3 Chemical Energy
23720.1 Introduction
887.5 Metabolism of Carbohydrates
23820.2 Chemical potential
897.6 Energy Production from Carbohydrates (Cellular Respiration)
23920.3 Diffusion of gases
907.7 Role of organs in the process of “energy metabolism”: 7.7.1 Other Organs
24020.4 Convective transport of Gases: Bulk Flow
917.8 References
24120.5 Transport of gas by altering convection and diffusion
928 Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism
24220.6 Physical properties of water and air
938.1 Introduction
24320.7 Respiratory environment
948.2 Definitions
24420.8 References
958.3 Aerobic form of Metabolism: Animals: 8.3.1 Types of Aerobic Metabolism in Animal Physiology
24521 Respiration in Animals
968.4 Anaerobic form of Metabolism: Animals: 8.4.1 Types of Anaerobic Metabolism in Animal Physiology
24621.1 Introduction
978.5 Relationship between Aerobic and Anaerobic forms of metabolism: Animals
24721.2 Respiration within Aquatic Animals
988.5.1 The Similarities Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism
24821.2.1 Fish Physiology
998.5.2 The dissimilarities Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism
24921.2.2 The Respiratory System within Gastropods
1008.6 Conclusion
25021.2.3 Anthropods
1018.7 Reference
25121.2.4 Aquatic Reptiles, Birds, and Amphibians
1029 The Energetics of Aerobic Activity
25221.3 Regulation of Respiration
1039.1 Introduction
25321.4 Respiration Procedure in Mammals
1049.2 Study of Energetics of Active Animals
25421.5 References
1059.2.1 Study of Movements: Animals Who Can Walk
25522 Circulatory System in Animals
1069.2.2 Study of Movements: Animals Who Can Fly
25622.1 Introduction
1079.2.3 Study of Movements: Animals Who Can Swim
25722.2 Heart
1089.3 Energy Cost of Explicit Exercise/ Activities
25822.2.1 Myogenic Hearts
1099.3.1 Explicit Energy Cost of Exercise: Animals Which Can Swim
25922.2.2 Neurogenic Hearts
1109.3.2 Explicit Energy Cost of Exercise: Animals Which Can Run or Walk
26022.3 Dissipation of Energy
1119.3.3 Explicit Energy Cost of Exercise: Animals Which Can Fly
26122.4 References
1129.4 Maximum Rate of Oxygen Intake
26223 Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Internal Transport at Work: Divining Marine Mammals
1139.4.1 Principles of Maximum Rate of Oxygen Intake
26323.1 Diving
1149.4.2 Variance in the Aerobic Capacity
26423.2 Diving Feats and Behaviour
1159.5 Energetics: Regular Life and Active Life: 9.5.1 Comparison
26523.3 Types of Dive and the Importance of Method
1169.6 Energetics: Ecology
26623.4 Physiology: An Introduction
1179.7 Conclusion
26723.5 The Oxygen Stores of Divers
1189.8 Reference
26823.5.1 The Blood Oxygen Store Tends to be Large in Diving Mammals
11910 How Animals Survive in Frigid Weather Conditions
26923.5.2 Diving Mammals Have High Myoglobin Concentrations and Large Myoglobin Bound
12010.1 Introduction
27023.5.3 Diving Mammals Vary in their use of the lungs as an Oxygen store
12110.2 Food, Nutrition, Energy metabolism and Thermoregulation in the lives of the Mammals
27123.5.4 Total Oxygen stores never permit dives of Maximum Duration to be fully Aerobic.
12210.3 Metabolism
27223.6 Circulatory Adjustments during Dives
12310.4 Thermo-regulatory Development: Small mammals compared with large
27323.7 Metabolism during Dives
12410.5 The Effect of Body Size on Mammals’ Lives in Cold Environments
27423.8 The Aerobic Dive Limit: An Important Way to Understand Diving Behaviour
12510.7 References
27523.9 Decompression Sickness
12611 Neurons
27623.10 A Possible Advantage for Pulmonary Oxygen sequestration in deep dives
12711.1 Introduction
27723.11 References
12811.2 Nervous system
27824 Excretion in Animals
12911.2.1 Description of the Nervous System
27924.1 Introduction
13011.2.2 Diagnosing Nervous system Conditions
28024.2 Types of excretory system
13111.2.3 Disease of the Nervous System
28124.3 The urinary system
13211.3 Anatomy and Histology
28224.3.1 Kidney
13311.3.1 Membrane
28324.3.2 Ureters
13411.3.2 Histology and Internal Structure
28424.3.3 Bladder
13511.4 Neurotransmitters
28524.3.4 Urethra
13611.4.1 Types of Neurons
28624.4 Pulmonary excretion
13711.4.2 Neurons of the Central Nervous System
28724.5 Biliary excretion
13811.4.3 Peripheral Nervous System
28824.6 Substances of the excretory system
13911.5 Reference
28924.7 Nitrogen excretion
14012 Role of Synapse in Animal Physiology
29024.8 Disorders of the excretory system
14112.1 Introduction
29124.9 References
14212.2 Chemical Synapse
29225 Mammals Surviving in Arid Climatic Conditions
14312.3 Electrical Synapse: 12.3.1 Effects of Electrical Synapses
29325.1 Introduction
14412.4 Synaptic plasticity
29425.2 Environment in the dry – savannas and the deserts
14512.4.1 Long – term Potentiation (LTP)
29525.3 Relation between water and animal
14612.4.2 Long – term Depression (LTD)
29625.4 Water conflict challenges humans and animals
14712.5 References
29725.5 The dramatic adaptation process of some specific species
14813 Sensory Systems
29825.6 Reference
14913.1 Introduction
299Index
15013.2 Organisation of sensory systems
