1Preface
995 Regeneration of Forests
21 Forestry: An Introduction
1005.1 Introduction
31.1 Introduction
1015.2 Forests Regeneration: Objectives and Ecology
41.2 Definition of Forest and Forestry
1025.3 Natural Forest Regeneration
51.3 Forest and Forestry Classification
1035.3.1 Process of Natural Regeneration
61.3.1 Geographic Delimitation and Varieties of Tropical Forests
1045.3.2 Requirement for Natural Regeneration
71.3.2 Tropical Rainforests
1055.3.3 Importance and Potential of Natural Regeneration
81.3.3 Lowland Evergreen Rainforests
1065.3.4 Natural Regeneration Planning and Implementation
91.3.4 Semi-evergreen Rainforests
1075.3.5 Disadvantages of Natural Regeneration
101.3.5 Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
1085.4 Artificial Regeneration
111.3.6 Montane Rainforests
1095.4.1 Regeneration by Artificial Method
121.3.7 Heath Forest
1105.4.2 Artificial Regeneration by Vegetative Method
131.3.8 Mangrove Forests
1115.4.3 Scope and Objectives of Artificial Regeneration
141.3.9 Tropical Land Masses
1125.4.4 Merits and Demerits of Artificial Regeneration
151.3.10 Tropical Forest Characteristics
1135.5 Factors Affecting the Choice of a Method of Regenerating Forest
161.4 Branches of Forestry and their Relations
1145.5.1 Factors Affecting Artificial Regeneration
171.5 Definition, Objectives and Scope of Silviculture
1155.5.2 Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration
181.5.1 Definition
1165.5.3 The Hypothetical Contradiction between Natural and Artificial Regeneration
191.5.2 Objectives
1175.6 Tree Planting: Process and Management
201.5.3 Scope of Silviculture
1185.6.1 Identifying Explanations for Planting Trees
211.6 Status of Forests and their Role
1195.6.2 Site Evaluation
221.6.1 The Role of Forests, Trees and Wild Biodiversity for Nutrition-sensitive Food Systems and Landscapes
1205.6.3 Careful Handling of Tree Seedlings
231.6.2 The Role of Forests in the Preservation of Biodiversity
1216 Forest Features of Hydrologic Significance
241.6.3 The Role of Forests and Forestry in the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Landslides
1226.1 Introduction
251.7 Human Interactions with Forest
1236.2 The Role of Forests in the Hydrological Cycle
261.8 History of Forestry Development
1246.2.1 Forest and the Hydrological Cycle
272 Sustainable Forest Management
1256.2.2 Soil Organic Matter
282.1 Introduction
1266.2.3 The Role of Roots in Hydrological Significance
292.2 Forest Management – An Art and Science
1276.2.4 Plant and Animal Life and Sheltering
302.2.1 Forestry as an Art
1286.3 Hydrological Processes Affected by Forest Lands
312.2.2 Forestry as Science
1296.3.1 Effects of Forest on Annual Runoff
322.2.3 The Crossroads between Art and Science
1306.3.2 Effects of Forests on Floods
332.3 Importance of Forest Management
1316.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation
342.3.1 Areas and Objectives of Forest Management
1326.3.4 Influence of the Forest on Water Quality
352.3.2 Management of the Earth’s Biological Diversity
1336.4 Hydrological Evaluation of Land Treatment
362.3.3 Management of Ecosystem Services Provided by Forests
1346.4.1 Rapid Infiltration Land Treatment
372.3.4 Complementary and Competitive Strategies
1356.4.2 Evaluation by Infiltration Procedure
382.3.5 Balanced Management and Priority Issue Management Strategies
1366.5 References
392.3.6 Tangible and Intangible Aspects of Management
1377 The Multiplicity of Agroforestry Products and Services
402.3.7 Multiplicity and Complexity
1387.1 Introduction
412.4.1 Operational Monitoring
1397.2 Forests and their Ecological Importance
422.4.2 Strategic Monitoring
1407.2.1 How the Forest Works?
433 Forest Ecology
1417.2.2 Forest Benefits
443.1 Introduction
1427.2.3 The Issue of Non-sustainable Use
453.2 Forest Eco-systems
1437.2.4 Sustainable Use of Forests
463.2.1 Types and Characteristic Features
1447.3 Economic and Cultural Considerations : 7.3.1 Forest Economy and its Challenges
473.2.2 Structure of Forest Ecosystems
1457.4 Cultural and Social Aspects of Forests
483.3 Plant Community Concepts
1467.4.1 Adore and Adoration of Trees
493.3.1 Characteristics of Plant Community
1477.4.2 Sacred Groves
503.3.2 Vertical Stratification of Plant Communities
1487.4.3 Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Medicine
513.3.3 Development of Plant Community
1497.4.4 Traditional Knowledge and Climate Change
523.4 Ecological Succession and Climax Community
1507.5 Socio-economic Impact of Agroforestry
533.5 Nutrient Cycling and Water Relations
1517.5.1 Social Parameters
543.5.1 Water Cycle and Nutrient
1527.5.2 Economic Parameters
553.5.2 Oxygen Cycle
1537.6 References
563.5.3 Carbon Cycle
1548 Forest Protection & Wildlife Biology
573.5.4 Nitrogen Cycle
1558.1 Introduction
583.6 Physiology in Stress Environments
1568.2 Important Diseases and Insect Pests of Nurseries
593.6.1 Drought Stress
1578.2.1 Occurrence of Disease and Pest in Plantations and Natural Forests
603.6.2 Water Logging Salinity and Alkalinity in Plants
1588.2.2 Exotic Species Plantations
613.7 Conservation of Forest Ecosystems : 3.7.1 Importance and Ways to Conserve the Forest
1598.2.3 Indigenous Pests and Diseases
624 The Environmental Value of Forests
1608.2.4 Exotic Pests and Disease
634.1 Introduction
1618.2.5 Managing Pests and Diseases
644.2 Environment: Components and Importance
1628.3 Assessment of Losses because of Diseases
654.2.1 Meaning and Definition
1638.4 Insect Pests and Mycoflora of Seeds of Forest Trees and their Management
664.2.2 Atmosphere
1648.4.1 Damage
674.2.3 Hydrosphere
1658.4.2 Diagnosis
684.2.4 Lithosphere
1668.4.3 Biology
694.2.5 Biosphere
1678.4.4 Control
704.2.6 Importance of the Subject
1688.5 Biological Control of Insect Pests and Diseases of Forest Trees
714.3 Principles of Environmental Management and Conservation
1698.6 Molecular Tools for Developing Disease Resistance Trees
724.3.1 Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)
1708.6.1 DNA Hybridization Technology
734.3.2 The User Pays Principle (UPP)
1718.6.2 Isothermal Amplification Processes
744.3.3 The Principle of Precaution (PP)
1728.6.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
754.3.4 Principle of Efficiency and Effectiveness
1738.6.4 Fingerprinting
764.3.5 The Principle of Responsibility
1748.6.5 Sequencing
774.3.6 The Principle of Participation
1759 Forest Fires: Its Causes and Prevention
784.4 Impact of Deforestation
1769.1 Introduction
794.4.1 Climate Change
1779.2 Classification of Injurious Agencies
804.4.2 Losses and Flooding of Water and Land Resources
1789.3 Injury to Forest due to Fires
814.4.3 Reduced Biodiversity, Habitat Loss, and Conflicts
1799.3.1 Causes and Characteristics of Forest Fires
824.4.4 Economic and Social Consequences
1809.3.2 Types of Forest Fire
834.5 Forest Fires and Various Human Activities
1819.3.3 Forest Fire and its Impacts
844.5.1 Mining
1829.3.4 Fire Prevention Activity
854.5.2 Urbanization/Industrialization and Infrastructure
1839.3.5 Forest Firefighting Crews and Equipment
864.5.3 Overpopulation and Poverty
1849.3.6 Fire Control Policy and Objectives
874.5.4 Logging and Fuelwood
1859.4 Firefighting in Other Countries
884.5.5 Overgrazing
1869.5 Injury to Forest due to Man
894.5.6 Economic Causes - Developments/Lands Conversion Value, Fiscal Policies, Consumerism and Markets
1879.5.1 Lopping
904.6 Role of Trees and Forests in Environmental Conservation
1889.5.2 Encroachment and its Control
914.6.1 Role of Forests in Maintaining Air Quality
1899.6 Forest Weeds and Weed Management Practices: 9.6.1 Weed Management and Control
924.6.2 Role of Forests in Water and Soil Management and Conservation
1909.7 Herbicides
934.6.3 Role of Trees and Shrubs in Rainfall and Water Supply
1919.7.1 Action Mechanisms
944.6.4 Roles of Forest in Maintaining Water Cycle
1929.7.2 Herbicide Selectivity
954.6.5 Forests Control Floods
1939.7.3 Herbicide Degradation
964.6.6 Forests Protect Soils and Reduce Forest Erosion Rates
1949.7.4 The Toxicity of Herbicides
974.6.7 Trees and Forest Aid to Regulate Stormwater
1959.7.5 The Environmental Impact of Herbicides
984.6.8 Role of Forest in Noise Pollution
196Index
