1Preface
907.4 Earth’s Orbital Attributes and Milankovitch Matrix
21 The Atmosphere and its Attributes
917.4.1 Study of Heliocentrism
31.1 Origination of Atmosphere
927.4.2 An Outlook of the Orbit and its Events
41.2 Composition of Atmosphere: 1.2.1 The Orbit of Atmosphere
937.4.3 Earth and the Orbit
51.3 The Compulsion and Compression of Air
947.4.4 Milankovitch Theory
61.4 The Concept of Heat and Mass Transmission
957.5 Five Million Years of Climate
71.4.1 Adiabatic Variation in Heat and Temperature
967.6 One Hundred Thousand Years of Climate Change
81.4.2 Air and Water Vapor
977.7 A Lesson from the Distant Past: The Paleocene-eocene Thermal Maximum
91.5 Heat Layering and Composition of Atmosphere
987.8 Effects of PETM
101.6 The Atmospheric Global Circulation: 1.6.1 The Matrix of Walker Cell
997.9 Causes
111.7 References
1007.10 Retrieval
122 The Global Ocean
1017.11 References
132.1 Ocean: A Basin of Climate
1028 History of Mankind and Climatic Changes
142.2 Water and its Properties
1038.1 History of Mankind
152.2.1 Heat Capacity: Balance of Temperature by the Oceans
1048.2 An Outlook of Climatic Changes
162.2.2 Water Bodies: The “Dissolving Agent” and their Composition
1058.3 Climate Proxies : 8.3.1 Importance of Paleoclimatology
172.2.3 Salinity of Sea Water and its Variations
1068.4 Early to Mid Holocene Climate Change and Human Development
182.2.4 Correlation of Density
1078.4.1 Agriculture
192.3 The Oceans of Earth and their Accumulation
1088.4.2 America
202.4 Ocean Surface and the Flow of Current: 2.4.1 Periphery of Current: Eastern and Western Boundaries
1098.4.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
212.5 Flow of Ocean Water across the Planet
1108.4.4 East Asia
222.6 The Motion of Water Cycle
1118.5 Rise and Fall of Civilizations
232.7 References
1128.6 References
243 Association of Ocean and Air
1139 Observation of the Change
253.1 An Overview of Ocean-air Association
1149.1 Beginning of the Change
263.2 Ocean-air Interactions and their Exchange Mechanism
1159.2 A Century of Warming
273.2.1 Ocean-atmosphere and Sulfur Transposition
1169.3 Precipitation and Drought
283.2.2 Ocean-atmosphere and Carbon Transposition
1179.4 Constraints of the Water Resources
293.2.3 Reaction of Air-sea
1189.5 Severe Storms and Other Extreme Events
303.3 El Nino Southern Oscillation
1199.6 The Sensitive Arctic
313.3.1 Ocean-atmosphere Interaction
1209.7 References
323.3.2 Evaluation of the El Nino
12110 Greenland, Antarctica and Sea-level Rise
333.3.3 Global Temperature and its Effects
12210.1 An Overview of the Arctic Regions
343.3.4 El Nino: Climatic impacts
12310.2 Sea Level Rise and the Contributing Factors
353.3.5 Tropical Cyclone activity and El Nino
12410.3 Ocean Warming
363.3.6 El Nino and its Socio-economic Impacts
12510.4 Impact of Sea Level Rise
373.3.7 Climate Forecast
12610.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet
383.4 Modes of Ocean-air Variability
12710.6 The Antarctic Ice Sheet
393.4.1 Pacific North American Pattern
12810.7 Future Sea Level Rise
403.4.2 North Atlantic Oscillations
12910.8 References
413.4.3 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
13011 Climatic Matrix and the Future
423.4.4 Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV)
13111.1 A Framework of the Climatic Matrix
433.4.5 Arctic Oscillation
13211.1.1 Mechanism of Climatic Matrix
443.4.6 Antarctic Oscillation
13311.1.2 Testing of Climatic Matrix
453.5 References
13411.2 Peering into the Future
464 Carbon Cycle and Carbon Reservoirs
13511.3 Responding to our Climate’s Future
474.1 The Carbon Cycle and its Mechanism
13611.3.1 The Copenhagen Diagnosis
484.1.1 The Slow Carbon Cycle
13711.3.2 Harsh Consequences of the ‘Small Decisions’
494.1.2 The Fast Carbon Cycle
13811.3.3 Change for the Better
504.1.3 Alteration in the Carbon Cycle
13911.4 Response towards Climate Changes
514.1.4 Ocean and its Acidification
14011.4.1 Climate Change
524.2 Vagueness in the Carbon Cycle
14111.4.2 Global Warming and Climate Changes
534.2.1 Contribution of Atmosphere
14211.4.3 Mankind and Climate
544.2.2 Contribution of Land
14311.5 Cognitive Preparation for an Altering Climate
554.3 An Overview of the Carbon Cycle
14411.5.1 Greenhouse Gases
564.4 Utilization of Carbon Dioxide: Rescuing the Carbon Cycle
14511.5.2 Regulation of Climatic Change: Meeting Energy Needs
574.6 Usage of Carbon Dioxide by Next Generation
14611.6 Role of NASA in the Regulation of Climate Change
584.7 Technical Challenges
14711.7 Steps to Adapt to Climate Change
594.8 Looking for Solutions
14811.8 References
604.9 References
14912 Climate Change Risk in an Unknowable Future
615 Radiation Balance: A Scientific Framework for Climate Change
15012.1 Emission Uncertainties
625.1 An Overview of Radiation Balance
15112.2 Climate Risk
635.1.1 Balance of Net Radiation
15212.3 Climate Change and Human Strife
645.1.2 Planetary Albedo
15312.3.1 Rising Sea Level and Coastal Region
655.1.3 Outgoing Long Wave Radiation
15412.3.2 Dangerous Seaways
665.2 Management of the Balance
15512.3.3 Fish and Food Security
675.3 Electromagnetic Radiation
15612.3.4 Migration
685.4 Greenhouse effect
15712.3.5 Water Weaponization
695.5 Earth’s Radiation Balance
15812.4 Properties Related to Climate Change
705.6 Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Energy Balance
15912.4.1 The Greenhouse Effect
715.7 Influence of Atmosphere
16012.4.2 Warming of Earth
725.8 References
16112.4.3 The Climate System Exhibits Variability of Nature
736 Climate System and its Attributes
16212.4.4 The Rising Level of GHG Emissions and Concentration
746.1 An Overview of the Climatic Framework
16312.4.5 Association of the Human Activities with the Net Effect of Warming on Climate
756.2 System of Earth’s Climate
16412.4.6 Feedback Process in Climate System
766.3 Climatic Forcing
16512.4.7 Freshwater Resources
776.4 Balance of Radiation
16612.4.8 Ecosystem and Biodiversity
786.5 Forcing Factors of Combined Greenhouse Gases
16712.5 References
796.6 Aerosols
16813 Future of Energy
806.6.1 Sulfate Aerosols
16913.1 Energy Dynamics
816.6.2 Fossil Fuel Black Carbon Aerosol
17013.2 Outline of the Global Sphere
826.7 Alteration in the Land-use
17113.3 Coal and its Attributes: 13.3.1 Detriments of Burning Coal
836.8 Framework of Climate Forcing
17213.4 Bridge Fuel: Consumption of Natural Gas
846.9 Strength and Weakness of the Forcing Concept
17313.5 Wind Energy and Solar Energy
856.10 References
17413.6 The Nuclear Power Plant
867 History of Climatic System
17513.7 Hydropower
877.1 Origination of Climate
17613.8 References
887.2 An Outlook of the Ice Age
177Index
897.3 Study of Paleoclimatology
