1Preface
17016.4.4 Relative Air Humidity
21 Domesticated Poultry: A Description
17116.4.5 Egg Position and Turning
31.1 Introduction
17216.5 Basics of Incubation at Non–commercial Hatcheries
41.2 Egg-laying Chicken
17316.5.1 Preparations before Incubation
51.3 Free-range
17416.5.2 During the Incubation Periods
61.4 Free–run
17516.5.3 Candling
71.5 Organic Farming
17616.6 References
81.6 Yarding
17717 Development of the Embryo (in a Chicken Egg)
91.7 Battery Cage
17817.1 Introduction
101.8 References
17917.2 Basics of the Developmental Process: 17.2.1 Embryonic Membranes
112 Taxonomy
18017.3 Stages of Embryonic Development
122.1 Introduction
18117.4 Day-to-day Developmental Timeline of the Incubation Process
132.2 Chicken: 2.2.1 Taxonomy of Chicken
18217.4.1 Day Zero (Before the Laying of the Egg)
142.3 Domestic Ducks
18317.4.2 Between Laying and Start of the Incubation Period
152.4 Turkey
18417.5 References
162.4.1 Taxonomy of Turkey
18518 Preliminary Necessities for Egg-laying, Incubation and Hatching
172.4.2 Fossil Forms
18618.1 Introduction
182.5 Quail
18718.2 Physical Requirements in a Hatchery
192.6 References
18818.2.1 Temperature
203 Domestication of Poultry
18918.2.2 Humidity
213.1 Poultry Domestication and Genetic Diversity
19018.2.3 Ventilation
223.2 Origin of Domestic Fowl
19118.2.4 Position of Eggs
233.3 Physiological and Behavioral Changes
19218.2.5 Turning of Eggs
243.4 Genetic Diversity and Domestication
19318.3 External Parameters of Egg Handling in a Hatchery
253.5 References
19418.3.1 Selection of Eggs
264 Structure and Distribution of the Poultry Sector
19518.3.2 Prevention of Contamination in the Hatching Eggs
274.1 Introduction
19618.3.3 Storage of Pre–incubation Eggs
284.2 Poultry Contribution to the Revolution of Livestock
19718.3.4 Hygiene Standards in the Hatchery
294.3 The Poultry Industry
19818.4 Spatial Requirements of an Artificial Hatchery
304.4 Production of Poultry Egg and Production
19918.4.1 Location
314.5 References
20018.4.2 Size
325 Essentials of Poultry Production
20118.4.3 Design
335.1 Introduction
20218.4.4 Shower Room
345.2 Traditional Free-range
20318.4.5 Fumigation Room
355.3 Improved Free-range
20418.4.6 Holding Room
365.4 Small-scale Confined
20518.4.7 Setter
375.5 Confined in Deep Litter
20618.4.8 Dark Room
385.6 Contained with Raised Floor: 5.6.1 Cage or Battery
20718.4.9 Hatcher
395.7 Breed
20818.4.10 Washer
405.7.1 Feed
20918.5 References
415.7.2 Housing
21019 Commercial Poultry Farming
425.7.3 Disease Control
21119.1 Introduction
435.7.4 Poultry Health
21219.2 Advantages and Challenges of Poultry Farming
445.7.5 Enhancement of Production of Poultry Improved Management
21319.2.1 Advantages
455.8 References
21419.2.2 Challenges
466 The Products
21519.3 Commercial Classification of Poultry
476.1 Poultry Products
21619.4 Breeds of Poultry
486.2 Types of Poultry Products
21719.4.1 Chicken
496.2.1 Consumable Products
21819.4.2 Turkey
506.2.2 By-products
21919.4.3 Ducks
516.2.3 Processing of the Poultry By-products
22019.4.4 Geese
526.2.4 Important Points to be Followed While Feeding the Poultry By-product
22119.5 References
536.2.5 Degradability and Digestibility
22220 Prevention and Control of Poultry Diseases
546.3 References
22320.1 Introduction
557 Eggs
22420.1.1 Conceptual Biosecurity
567.1 Introduction
22520.1.2 Structural Biosecurity
577.2 History
22620.1.3 Operational Biosecurity
587.3 Variety
22720.2 Financial Considerations in the Prevention and Control of Diseases
597.4 Production
22820.2.1 Basic Principles Involved
607.5 Characteristics and Anatomy
22920.2.2 Fixed and Variable Costs in Commercial Poultry Production
617.5.1 Air Cell
23020.3 Prevention of Diseases
627.5.2 Shell
23120.3.1 Mechanisms of Disease Transmission in Poultry
637.5.3 Membrane
23220.3.2 Biosecurity
647.5.4 White
23320.4 32.4 Decontamination and Disinfection
657.5.5 Yolk
23420.5 21.5 Public Health Considerations in the Disinfection and decontamination process
667.5.6 Nutritional Value
23520.6 References
677.6 Farming Issues
23621 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
688 Growth of Poultry
23721.1 Major Components of Poultry Diets
698.1 Introduction
23821.1.1 Energy
708.2 Growth Stages of Baby Chicks
23921.1.2 Dietary Levels
718.2.1 First Week of the Chick
24021.2 Specific Nutrient Requirements
728.2.2 Fifth Week to the Fifteenth Week
24121.2.1 Carbohydrates
738.2.3 Sixteenth to Seventeenth Week
24221.2.2 Proteins and Amino Acids
748.2.4 Eighteenth Week
24321.2.3 Fats
758.2.5 Eighteenth Month
24421.2.4 Minerals
768.3 Retrials of Laying Hens: (“Retirement of Poultry”)
24521.2.5 Vitamins
778.4 Growth of Poultry
24621.2.6 Water
788.4.1 Consequences of “Fast-growing” Poultry and their Health Issues
24721.3 References
798.4.2 Provocations of “Slower Growing” Poultry and their Health Issues
24822 Poultry Breeding and Genetic Improvement
808.5 Growth of the Poultry and its Other Components
24922.1 Poultry Breeding: 22.1.1 Requirements of the Chicks
818.6 References
25022.2 Genetic Improvement
829 Female Reproduction
25122.2.1 Recent Approaches to Breeding in Poultry
839.1 Introduction
25222.2.2 Heritable Strategies Required for the Development of Broilers
849.2 Parts of the Female Reproductive System
25322.2.3 Techniques for the Development of Meat Quality and Growth of Breast Muscle
859.2.1 Ovary
25422.2.4 Genetic Techniques for the Management of Ascites
869.2.2 Oviduct
25522.2.5 Genetic Techniques to Manage Heat Stress among Broilers
879.3 Ovulation
25622.2.6 Selection Strategies of the Broilers and their Skeletal Problems
889.4 Egg Irregularities
25722.2.7 Heritable Strategies for the Improvement of the Layer
899.5 References
25822.3 References
9010 The Reproductive Tract
25923 Commercial Methods of Poultry Breeding
9110.1 Introduction
26023.1 Commercial Breeding
9210.2 Male Reproductive System
26123.1.1 Forming an Egg
9310.3 Female Reproductive System
26223.1.2 The Egg
9410.3.1 Ovary
26323.1.3 Hatchery
9510.3.2 Yolk
26423.1.4 Incubation Stages
9610.3.3 Oviduct
26523.2 References
9710.3.4 Progesterone, Estrogen and Androgen
26624 Monogenic Traits
9810.4 Egg Formation
26724.1 Introduction
9910.4.1 Formation of the Yolk and Ovary
26824.2 Chicken Genome and its Analysis
10010.4.2 Time of Egg Formation
26924.2.1 Cytogenetic and Karyotype Map
10110.5 Shell Gland (Uterus) and Eggshell Quality: 10.5.1 Factors Responsible for the Variation in Eggshell Quality
27024.2.2 Genetic Linkage Maps
10210.6 Sex Determination of a Goose
27124.2.3 Mapping of Monogenic Traits among the Farm Animals
10310.7 References
27224.2.4 Comparative Mapping among the Chicken
10411 Egg Production
27324.2.5 Comparative Mapping of Chickens
10511.1 Introduction
27424.3 References
10611.2 Factors that Influence the Production of Eggs: 11.2.1 Effects of Temperature on Egg Production
27525 Use of Molecular Techniques
10711.3 Cycle of Eggs Production: 11.3.1 Planning for Production
27625.1 Introduction
10811.4 Profit and Cost of Production
27725.2 Basic Tools
10911.4.1 Brooder and Grower Stage
27825.2.1 DNA
11011.4.2 Laying Birds
27925.2.2 PCR
11111.4.3 Laying Cycle: Cost and Income
28025.2.3 Genetic Markers
11211.4.4 Limitation
28125.2.4 High Throughput Analysis
11311.5 References
28225.2.5 The Sequencing of the Chicken Genome
11412 Poultry that Stop Laying Eggs
28325.3 Practical Application
11512.1 Introduction
28425.3.1 Genetic Selection
11612.2 Factors that Tend to Stop the Laying of Eggs
28525.3.2 Fishy Taint, Diet and Genetics
11712.2.1 Anxiety Level
28625.3.3 MHC and Disease
11812.2.2 Feeding
28725.3.4 Brand Identity and Quality Control
11912.2.3 Poultry Age
28825.4 References
12012.2.4 Disease
28926 Nutrition and Feeding
12112.2.5 Daylight Length
29026.1 Nutrition
12212.2.6 Molting
29126.2 Poultry Nutrition
12312.2.7 Bodyweight
29226.3 Types of Poultry Nutrition
12412.2.8 Climatic Condition
29326.4 Factors affecting Poultry Nutrition Requirement
12512.3 Management Factors
29426.5 Poultry Feedings
12612.4 Conclusion
29526.5.1 Principles of Poultry Feeding
12712.5 References
29626.5.2 Different Types of Feeds for Poultry
12813 Lightening Program of Poultry
29726.6 References
12913.1 Introduction
29827 The Digestive Tract
13013.2 Important Guidelines
29927.1 Introduction
13113.3 Lightening Strategies for Different Types of Poultry
30027.2 Parts of the Digestive Tract of Poultry
13213.4 Different Types of Lights used in Poultry
30127.3 Conclusion
13313.5 Lights Effecting Different Stages of Poultry
30227.4 References
13413.6 Conclusion
30328 Housing and Welfare
13513.7 References
30428.1 Introduction
13614 Male Reproductive Systems
30528.2 Various Types of Housing System for Poultry
13714.1 Introduction
30628.3 Requirement of the Floor – Space for Poultry – Layers
13814.2 The Testicles
30728.4 Requirement of the Floor – Space for Poultry – Broilers
13914.3 The Vas Deferens
30828.5 Poultry House Design
14014.4 The Copulative Organ
30928.5.1 Open-sided Poultry House
14114.5 References
31028.5.2 Open Front and Back Sides
14215 Factors, Organs and Process Involving Male Reproduction in Poultry Animals
31128.5.3 Controlled Environment House
14315.1 The Male Reproductive Tract
31228.6 Insulation
14415.1.1 The Testicles
31328.7 Welfare
14515.1.2 The Vas Deferens or the Deferent Duct
31428.8 What is Animal Welfare?
14615.1.3 The Copulative Organ
31528.9 Measuring the Different Factors in Animal Welfare
14715.1.4 Sperms
31628.10 The Five Freedoms and Criteria for Good Welfare
14815.2 Origin of Artificial Insemination
31728.11 Resource-oriented and Animal-oriented Measures
14915.3 Collection of Semen
31828.12 References
15015.4 Parameters of Artificial Insemination
31929 Housing and Environmental Control
15115.5 Liquid Storage of Semen for Artificial Insemination
32029.1 Introduction
15215.5.1 Semen Diluents
32129.2 Different Production Systems of Poultry
15315.5.2 Evaluation of the Semen after Liquid Storage
32229.3 Advantages of Environmental Control Housing
15415.6 Frozen Storage of Semen for Artificial Insemination
32329.4 Issues Involved and Various Strategies of Environmental Control Housing
15515.6.1 Fertilising Ability
32429.4.1 Ammonia Gas
15615.6.2 Freezing Systems
32529.4.2 Monitoring
15715.7 References
32629.5 Equipments of Environmental Control Housing
15816 Incubation
32729.5.1 Ventilation
15916.1 Introduction
32829.5.2 Biosecurity
16016.2 What is Incubation?
32929.5.3 Alarms and Generators
16116.3 Natural Incubation
33029.5.4 Fans
16216.3.1 Incubation in Mammals (Mammalian Incubation)
33129.5.5 Lightening
16316.3.2 Incubation in Reptiles (Reptilian Incubation)
33229.5.6 Heaters
16416.3.3 Incubation in Birds (Avian Incubation)
33329.5.7 Controlling House Environment
16516.3.4 Incubation in Aquatic and Semi–aquatic Vertebrates
33429.6 Major Aims of Environmental Control House
16616.4 Physical Processes in Incubation
33529.7 Conclusion
16716.4.1 Egg Heat Transfer
33629.8 References
16816.4.2 Egg Water Transfer
337Index
16916.4.3 Gaseous Exchange (Oxygen O2 and Carbon dioxide CO2)
