1Preface
1883.7.4 The Flemish/Norfolk System
2Chapter 1. Organic Farming An Overview
1893.7.5 The Mediterranean Legume-Grain Rotation
31.1 Organic Farming: Concept and Definition
1903.7.6 The CIPAV System 8
41.1.1 History
1913.8 Role of Mixed Farming in Sustainable Agriculture?
51.1.2 Regulation
1923.9 Exercise
61.1.3 Reasons for Organic Farming
193Chapter 4. Managing Soil, Water, and Nutrients in a Sustainable Way
71. To Accrue the Benefits of Nutrients
1944.1 Soil management in Sustainable Way
82. Stay Away From GMOs
1954.1.1 Agriculture and Human Society
93. Natural and Better Taste
1964.1.2 Soil Fertility and Crop Growth
104. Direct Support to Farming
1974.1.3 Plant Nutrients
115. To Conserve Agricultural Diversity
1984.1.4 Soils for Agriculture
126. To Prevent Antibiotics, Drugs, and Hormones in Animal Products
199Inorganic Soil Components
131.1.4 Types of Organic Farming
200Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
14Pure organic farming
201Soil pH
15Integrated organic farming
2024.1.5 Soil Degradation and Crop Production
161.1.5 Key Features of Organic Farming
2034.1.6 Managing Soil Health: Concepts and Practices
171. Natural Livestock and Poultry Production
204Nutrient Cycling
182. Natural Crop Production
205The Soil Food Web
193. Organic Weed and Pest Control
206Biological Control of Pest Organisms
204. Soil Management
207Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
215. Buffer Zones and Record-Keeping
208Regulation of Air and Water in Soil
226. Maintaining Ecological Balance
209Soil Organic Matter
237. Maintaining Fairness
210Management Practices to Improve Soil Health
241.1.6 Four Principles of Organic Farming
211Moldboard Plow
251. Principle of Health
212Disk Plow
262. Principle of Fairness
213Chisel Plow
273. Principle of Ecological Balance
214Soil Compaction
284. Principle of Care
215Managing Nutrients in Soil
291.1.7 Benefits of Organically Grown Food Items and Agricultural Produce
216Nitrogen (N) Management
301. Better Nutrition
217Phosphorus (P) Management
312. Helps us Stay Healthy
2184.2 Sustainable Water Management in Agriculture
323. Free of Poison
2194.2.1 Infiltration
334. Organic Foods Are Highly Authenticated
2204.2.2 Available Water Holding Capacity
345. Lower Prices
2214.2.3 Drainage or Percolation
356. Enhanced Taste
2224.2.4 Improving the Availability of Water
367. Organic Farming Methods are Eco-friendly
2234.2.5 Life Cycles of Soil Organisms: Improving the Soil Ecosystem
378. Longer Shelf–life
2244.2.6 Sustainable Water Management
381.2 Why is Modern Farming Unsustainable?
2254.3 Nutrient Management in Sustainable Way
391.3 Organic Farming Methods
2264.3.1 Using balanced Nutrients in Crops
401.3.1 Fertilizers
2274.3.2 Integrated Nutrient Management
411.3.2 Pest Control
228Concepts
421.3.3 Six Basic Methods of Organic Farming
229Why Integration for sustainable agriculture?
431.4 Differences between Organic and Conventional Farming Methods
230Determinants
441.4.1 Conventional Farmers
231Advantages
451.4.2 Organic Farmers
2324.4 Sustainable Agriculture and Fertilizer Use
461.5 Principles of Organic Agriculture
2334.4.1 Why do We Need Fertilizers?
471.5.1 Health
2344.4.2 Soil Health, Fertilizer Use and Agricultural Sustainability
481.5.2 Ecology
2354.4.3 Organic VS Inorganic Fertilizer
491.5.3 Fairness
2364.4.4 Maintaining Soil Health
501.5.4 Care
2374.4.5 The Crucial Role of Soil Biodiversity: Looking into the future
511.6 Organic Farming Practices
2384.5 Exercise
521.6.1 Crop Rotation
239Chapter 5. Plant Protection and Conservation Methods
531.6.3 Green Manures
2405.1 Agricultural Pesticides
541.6.4 Animal Manures
2415.1.1 Use of Pesticides: Benefits and Problems Associated with Pesticides
551.6.5 Integrated Weed Management
242Benefits of Pesticides
561.6.6 Integrated Pest Management
243Problems Associated with Pesticides
571.6.7 Livestock Management
244Toxicity for non-target organisms
581.7 Organic Farming Pros and Cons
245Resurgence
591.7.1 Advantages of Organic Farming
246Development of resistance
601. It creates higher natural levels of resistance to pests and disease.
247The economic problems
612. Organic farming allows for specialization opportunities.
2485.1.2 Environmental Effects of Pesticides
623. This farming process supports healthier soil and supports pollinators.
249Air
634. There are no worries about genetically modified foods with organic farms.
250Soil
645. The working environment for organic farmers is healthier.
251Plants
656. Organic farmers can often create their own fertilizers at their farming location.
252Animals
667. It can be implemented in almost any geographic location or growing season.
253Birds
671.7.2 Disadvantages of Organic Farming
254Aquatic Life
681. There are no subsidies offered for most organic farmers.
2555.1.3 Types of Pesticides
692. It requires more work to produce goods that are ready for sale.
256Insecticides
703. Organic farmers must have specific knowledge about localized growing systems.
257Miticides and Acaricides
714. There are unique marketing challenges in place for organic goods.
258Fungicides
725. Organic farms and foods must go through a rigorous certification process.
259Herbicides
736. It usually costs more to be competitive with organic farming.
260Growth Regulators and Harvest Aids
747. There are different levels of “organic” permitted in the United States.
261Rodenticides
758. Synthetic chemicals can still be used in organic farming.
262Nematicides Molluscicides Repellents
769. Organic crops generally spoil faster.
2635.1.4 Application of Pesticides
771.8 Is organic farming sustainable?
2641. Spraying
781.9 Organic Farming with Crop Monitoring
265Sprayers
791.10 Environmental benefits of organic agriculture
266(I) Hand Pump
801.11 Limitations of Organic Farming
267(II) Compression Sprayers
81Era of applied science
268(III) Thermal Foggers
82Constraints
269(IV) Cold Foggers
83Here are the constraints in Organic Agriculture
270(V) Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Sprayers
84Constraints that the technologies must meet
2712. Dusting
851.12 Exercise
2723. Fumigation
86Chapter 2. Sustainable Farming Methods
2734. Baiting
872.1 Popular Unsustainable Techniques Used in Modern Agriculture
2745.2 Ecological Risk Assessment for Pesticides
882.1.1 Using Lots of Chemicals
2755.2.1 Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals
892.1.2 Growing and Producing Genetically Modified Organisms
2765.2.2 Process of Ecological Risk Assessment
902.1.3 Growing Monoculture Crops
277Problem Formulation Phase
912.1.4 Overproduction and More Food Waste
278Analysis Phase
922.1.5 Global Corporate Agribusiness
279Risk Characterization Phase
932.1.6 Growing Crops on Every Space and Inch of Land Available
2805.3 Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture
942.1.7 Natural Vegetation Clearing
2815.3.1 Pesticide Toxicity and Exposure
952.1.8 Using Manufactured Fertilizers to Feed The Soil
2825.3.2 Acute Toxicity and Acute Effects
962.1.9 Growing A Few Varieties of Crop Plants
2835.3.3 Chronic Toxicity and Chronic Effects
97Policy failure
2845.3.4 Pesticide Signal Words
98Unsustainable technologies
2855.3.5 Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning
992.2 The Problems with the Current Agricultural Practices
286Harmful Effects of Some Pesticide Families
1002.3 Sustainable Farming Methods
287Fungicides
1012.3.1 Permaculture
288Herbicides
1022.3.2 Biodynamic Farming
289Insecticides
103Biodynamics Brings Plants and Animals Together
290Cholinesterase Testing
104Biodynamics Generates On-Farm Fertility
2915.3.6 Exposure and Preventative Measures
105Biodynamic Farmers Cultivate Awareness
292Dermal
106Biodynamics Supports Integrity and Diversity in Seeds and Breeds
293Inhalation
107Biodynamics Treats Animals with Respect
2945.4 Use of Pesticides for sustainable agriculture
108Biodynamic Certification Upholds Agricultural Integrity
2955.4.1 Types of Biopesticides
109Biodynamics Offers Regenerative Solutions for the Future
2965.4.2 Advantages of Biopesticides
110Biodynamics Cultivates Biodiversity
2975.4.3 Attributes of Biopesticides
111Compost Is Enlivened with Biodynamic Preparations
2985.4.4 Why Biopesticides in Sustainable Agricultural Production
112Biodynamic Sprays Enhance Soil and Plant Health
2995.4.5 Limitations Facing Use of Biopesticides
113Biodynamics Works in Rhythm with Earth and Cosmos
3005.5 Biological Control of Insect Pests
114Biodynamics Approaches Pests and Diseases Holistically
301Predators
115Biodynamics Contributes to Social and Economic Health
302Parasitoids
1162.3.3 Hydroponics and Aquaponics
303Pathogens
117What is Hydroponics?
3045.5.1 Approaches to Biological Control
118What is Aquaponics?
305Conservation of Natural Enemies
1192.3.4 Urban Agriculture
306Inoculation and Inundation
120What benefits does it come with?
3075.5.2 Microbial Control
121Examples of successful urban agriculture projects
3085.6 Integrated Pest Management: An Ecosystem Approach to Crop Production and Protection
122Parisian mushrooms (Paris, France)
3095.6.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Tactics
123Sharing backyards (throughout Canada, U.S., New Zealand)
310Cultural methods
124Sky greens (Singapore)
311Physical methods
125Urban roots (Glasgow, UK)
312Genetic methods
126GrowUp urban farms (London, UK)
313Biological methods
1272.3.5 Agroforestry and Food Forests
314Chemical methods
128Agroforestry vs. Forest Farming vs. Food Forests
315Biorational
129What is a food forest, then?
316Conventional
1302.3.6 Polyculture and Crop Rotation
317Regulatory
131Multiple cropping
3185.6.2 What are the six steps of an IPM program?
132Intercropping
3195.7 Good Agricultural Practices in Plant Protection
133Crop rotation
3205.7.1 Prevention and Suppression of Harmful Organisms
1342.3.7 Growth of Heirloom and Older Varieties
321Crop rotation; inter-cropping
1352.3.8 Natural Animal Raising
322Use of adequate cultivation techniques
1362.3.9 Natural Pest Management
323Where appropriate, use of pest-resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material
137Organic Mulching Materials for Weed Management
324Diseases: Control or Management?
138Hay
325Weed control
139Straw
326Field sanitation and hygiene measures
140Tree Leaves
327Protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms
141Sawdust
328Monitoring of harmful organisms
142Compost
329Establishment of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)
143Manure
330Monitoring of the success of the applied pest management measures.
144Other Organic Residues
331Sustainable non-chemical methods of pest control
145Living Mulch
332Pesticides as a last resort
1462.4 Exercise
333Specific application of pesticides to reduce the impact on human health and the environment
147Chapter 3. Integrated Organic Farming: Livestock and Crop Production
3345.8 Plant Pests and Diseases
1483.1 Mixed Farming: What and Why? : 3.1.1 What is Mixed Farming?
3355.8.1 Cassava Virus Diseases
1493.2 Types of Mixed Farming
3365.8.2 Desert Locust
1503.2.1 On-Farm versus Between-Farm Mixing
3375.8.3 Wheat Rusts
1513.2.2 Mixing within Crop and/or Animal Systems
3385.9 Effects of Global Change on Soil Conditions In Relation To Plant Growth and Food Production
1523.2.3 Diversified Versus Integrated Systems
3395.10 Water for Sustainable Food and Agriculture
1533.3 Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems
3405.10.1 Developing Drought Tolerant Crops
1543.3.1 Different Modes of Mixed Farming
3415.10.2 Plant Drought Tolerance Mechanisms
1553.3.2 Traditional Technologies - Types and Suitability
3425.10.3 Genetic Engineering Drought Tolerant Plants
1563.3.3 Technologies in Relation to Mixed Farming
343Genetic Manipulation of the Stress Response to Abscisic Acid (ABA)
157Input- and Management-Based Technologies
344ABA-Independent Gene Regulation to Drought Stress
158Accelerating and Defusing Technologies
3455.11 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture
159Indigenous and Exogenous Technologies
346Climate change will impair farm production in many developing countries and regions
160Technologies for National and/or Local Problems
347Consequences of 1°C rise in world’s temperature
161Technologies for Individual Farmers and for Society
348Farming in a warmer world
162Exploitative and Regenerative Technologies
349Effects of global warming on agriculture
1633.4 Mixed Farming and the Communal Ideotype
3505.12 Exercise
1643.4.1 Selection of Animal Species
351Glossary
1653.4.2 Unconventional Animals
352References
1663.4.3 Dairy Animals
353Index
1673.4.4 Animals to Work the Fields
354A
1683.5 Crop-Livestock Technologies
355B
1693.5.1 Integrating CROPS and Livestock
356C
1703.5.2 Crop Residue and Soil Management
357D
1713.5.3 Dung and Urine Use and the Cycling of Nutrients
358E
1723.5.4 Manure and Nutrient Cycling
359F
1733.5.5 Household Waste and Compost
360G
1743.5.6 Nutrient Losses and their Prevention
361H
1753.6 Towards Sustainable Land Use
362I
1763.6.1 Energy, Biogas and Nutrients
363K
1773.6.2 Agroforestry and Soil Fertility
364L
1783.6.3 Management at Farm, Regional and Policy Level
365M
1793.6.4 The Communal Ideotype Revisited At the Farm Level
366N
1803.6.5 The Communal Ideotype at Community Level
367O
181Landcare and Integrated Catchment Management
368P
182Veterinary Services: Privatization of Veterinary Care
369R
183Research and Education for the Development of Mixed Systems
370S
1843.7 Successful Mixed Systems
371T
1853.7.1 The Infield/Outfield System
372U
1863.7.2 The Kano Close-Settled Zone 6
373W
1873.7.3 The Machakos Case in Kenya 7
