1Preface
1477.3.2 Golden Rice: The First Generation
21 Genetically Modified Crops
1487.3.3 A New Golden Rice Generation
31.1 Introduction
1497.4 Current progress and future progress
41.2 A brief history of genetics
1507.5 Novel methods of gene transfer for rice
51.2.1 Genes
1517.6 Traits
6Gene Transcription and Translation
1527.6.1 Herbicide Resistance
7Chemical Structure of Genes
1537.6.2 Nutritional Value
8Gene Expression
1547.6.3 Golden Rice Plants Being Grown In A Greenhouse
91.2.2 Genomes
1557.6.4 Pest Resistance
101.2.3 Plant Genetic Engineering Systems
1567.6.5 Abiotic Stress
111.3 Transformation
1577.6.6 Gene Silencing
121.3.1 DNA Transformation
1587.6.7 Allergy Resistance
131.3.2 Incorporation Of Transgenes Into Crops
1597.6.8 C4 Photosynthesis
141.4 Summary
1607.6.9 Production Of Recombinant Proteins
151.5 Short questions
1617.6.10 Submergence Resistance
161.6 References
1627.7 Commercial uses
172 The Methodology Of Producing Transgenic Plants
1637.8 Summary
182.1 Introduction
1647.9 Short questions
192.2 Polymerase chain reaction
1657.10 References
202.2.1 The steps of PCR
1668 Cotton Transformation
21Denaturation
1678.1 Introduction
22Annealing
1688.2 Development of cotton transformation technology
23Extension
1698.2.1 Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation
242.3 Southern blotting
1708.2.2 Biolistic Transformation of Cotton
252.4 Northern blotting
1718.3 The need for Bt cotton
262.5 Functional assay
1728.4 Insect- and herbicide-resistant cotton
272.6 Progeny test
1738.4.1 Insect-Resistant Cotton
282.7 Methodology
1748.4.2 Resistance Management
292.8 History of the development of recombination DNA technology
1758.4.3 Herbicide-Resistant Cotton
302.9 How are transgenic crops genetically modified?
1768.5 Benefits of Bt-cotton
312.9.1 Electroporation
1778.6 Concerns
322.9.2 Agrobacterium
1788.7 Summary
332.9.3 Microinjection
1798.8 Short questions
342.9.4 Gene Guns
1808.9 References
352.10 Summary
1819 Genetically Modified Apples
362.11 Short questions
1829.1 Introduction
372.12 References
1839.2 Arctic apples
383 Potentials And Risks Of Genetically Modified Crops
1849.3 Reason for apple browning
393.1 Introduction
1859.3.1 How Are the Activities of PPOs Reduced in Arctic Apples?
403.2 Tools of genetic engineering
1869.3.2 Nonbrowning Method
413.2.1 Important Molecular Tools In Genetic Engineering
1879.4 How are Arctic apples made?
421. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1889.5 Similarities and dissimilarities between arctic apples and nontransgenic apples
432. Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor)
1899.6 Regulatory approval and safety
44 3. Gel Electrophoresis
1909.7 Arctic apples in the USA
454. DNA Ligase
1919.7.1 Reduction In Apple Waste
465. Plasmids
1929.7.2 Available Varieties
476. Transformation/Transduction
1939.8 Approval: 9.8.1 The Review Process
487. Identifying Transgenic Organisms
1949.9 Benefits
493.3 Breeding
1959.10 Risks
503.3.1 Future Of Plant Breeding
1969.11 Summary
51New roles of plant breeding.
1979.12 Short questions
52New tools for plant breeding.
1989.13 References
53Training of plant breeders.
19910 Sorghum Transformation for Resistance to Fungal Pathogens and Drought
54The key players in the plant breeding industry.
20010.1 Introduction
55Yield gains of crops.
20110.2 Production
56The biotechnology debate.
20210.3 Constraints to sorghum transformation
573.3.2 Objectives Of Plant Breeding
20310.4 Sorghum tissue culture
58Increased yield
20410.5 Sorghum genetic transformation
59Improving the quality
20510.6 Transformation methods
60Elimination of toxic substance
20610.6.1 Progress in Sorghum Transformation by a Biolistic Protocol
61Resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses
20710.6.2 Progress in Sorghum Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium
62Change in maturity duration
20810.6.3 Biolistic Bombardment
63Improved agronomic characters
20910.6.4 Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation
64Reducing the plant height to prevent lodging
21010.7 Use of RNA-silencing technology to suppress the synthesis of kafirins
65Photoinsensitivity
21110.8 Utilizing transgenic sorghums for crop improvement
66Non-shattering nature
21210.9 Summary
67Synchronized maturity
21310.10 Short questions
68Determinate Growth habit
21410.11 References
69Elimination or introduction of dormancy
21511 Impacts Of GM Crops
703.4 Genetically modified crop varieties
21611.1 Introduction
713.4.1 Corn
21711.2 Global Adoption of GM Crops
723.4.2 Soybeans
21811.3 Overview
733.4.3 Cotton
21911.4 Impacts of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops
743.4.4 Potatoes
22011.5 Impacts of Insect-Resistant Crops
753.4.5 Papaya
22111.6 Macro-Level Welfare and Distribution Effects of GM Crops
763.4.6 Squash
22211.7 The impact of GM crops on agriculture
773.4.7 Canola
22311.8 Effect of GM crops on soil health
783.4.8 Alfalfa
22411.8.1 Effect Of Gm Crops On Soil Health
793.4.9 Apples
225Soil erosion
803.4.10 Sugar Beets
226Decomposition
813.5 Risks of gm crops
227Soil enzymes
823.6 Health risks
228Soil organisms
833.7 Environmental and social risks
22911.9 Rapid developments worldwide
843.7.1 Environment Risk Assessment
23011.9.1 China
853.7.2 Limitations to Evaluating the Magnitude of Environmental Effects
23111.9.2 Brazil
863.7.3 Social Effects of GE Crops
23211.9.3 Argentina
873.8 Safety measures
23311.9.4 Philippines
883.9 Summary
23411.9.5 India
893.10 Short questions
23511.10 Summary
903.11 References
23611.11 Short questions
914 Traits Of Gm Crops
23711.12 References
924.1 Introduction
23812 Future GM Crop Applications
934.2 Output traits
23912.1 Introduction
944.3 Input traits
24012.2 Emerging gm technologies
954.4 Insect resistance
24112.3 Drought-tolerant crops
964.5 Virus-Resistant Vegetable Crops
24212.4 Pests resistance crops
974.6 Herbicide-tolerant crops
24312.5 Nutrient use efficiency
984.6.1 Impacts of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops
24412.6 Consequences
994.6.2 Glyphosate Tolerant Crops
24512.6.1 Toxins are on the Rise
1004.6.3 Environmental Impacts
24612.6.2 Seeds are in Decline
1014.6.4 Glyphosate in the Environment
24712.7 Trends in different countries
1024.6.5 Genetic Drift/Contamination
24812.7.1 GM Crops in AFRICA
1034.6.6 Human Health Risks
24912.7.2 GM Crops in the USA: Insect Resistance to Bt Crops
1044.7 Nutritional value
25012.8 Summary
1054.8 Summary
25112.9 Short questions
1064.9 Short questions
25212.10 References
1074.10 References
25313 Regulations
1085 Techniques Of Plant Genetic Modification
25413.1 Introduction
1095.1 Introduction
25513.2 Biosafety Regulation
1105.2 Physical gene transfer methods
25613.3 Differences in Regulatory Approaches
1115.2.1 Electroporation
25713.4 Safety of Field Releases of GM Plants
1125.2.2 Biolistic Gene Gun / Particle Bombardment
25813.5 European Union Regulations
1135.2.3 Liposome Mediated Transformation
25913.6 Safety Assessment and Labeling Requirements in the US
1145.2.4 Microinjection Method
26013.7 Problems with the European Regulatory Approach
1155.3 Chemical gene transfer
26113.8 Regulation and International Trade
1165.3.1 Peg Mediated Gene Transfer
26213.9 Intellectual Property Rights
1175.3.2 Calcium Phosphate Co-Precipitation
26313.10 Summary
1185.3.3 DEAE-dextran Mediated Transfer
26413.11 Short questions
1195.4 Biological methods
26513.12 References
1205.4.1 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens: Transformation of Protoplasts
26614 The Complex Public Debate
1215.5 Summary
26714.1 Introduction
1225.6 Short questions
26814.2 Arguments against GM crops
1235.7 References
26914.3 Narratives about Health Impacts of GMOs
1246 Genetically Modified Corn
27014.4 Narratives about Environmental Impacts of GMOs
1256.1 Introduction
27114.5 Narratives about Social Impacts of GMOs
1266.2 Box 1 bt. Technology
27214.6 Summary
1276.3 Benefits emerging
27314.7 Short questions
1286.4 Risks
27414.8 References
1296.5 Box 2. Pharma corn
275Glossary
1306.6 Bt corn
276Index
1316.7 Marketed products
277A
1326.7.1 Herbicide-resistant Maize
278B
1336.7.2 Insect-resistant Corn
279C
1346.7.3 Sweet Corn
280D
1356.7.4 Drought-resistant Maize
281E
1366.7.5 Maize With Increased Nutritional Value
282F
1376.7.6 Health Safety
283G
1386.8 Possible Effects on Non-target Organisms
284H
1396.9 Summary
285I
1406.10 Short questions
286L
1416.11 References
287M
1427 Rice Transformation
288N
1437.1 Introduction
289P
1447.2 Golden rice
290R
1457.3 The Science of Golden Rice
291S
1467.3.1 Metabolic Engineering
292T
