1Introduction to Magnetism
1434.2.4.4 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
21.1 Historical Overview
1444.2.4.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
31.1.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance
1454.2.5 Applications of Exchange Interactions
41.1.3 Emergence of Magnetic Theories
1464.2.5.1 Magnetic Data Storage
51.1.4 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
1474.2.5.2 Spintronics
61.1.5 Quantum Mechanics and Modern Magnetism
1484.2.5.3 Quantum Computing
71.1.6 Technological Advances and Applications
1494.2.5.4 Magnetic Sensing and Imaging
81.1.6.1 Early Applications: Navigation and Compasses
1504.2.5.5 Magnetic Refrigeration
91.1.6.2 Magnetic Recording and Data Storage
1514.3 Ligand Field Theory
101.1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1524.3.1 Introduction to Ligand Field Theory
111.1.6.4 Electromagnetic Induction and Power Generation
1534.3.2 Splitting of d Orbitals
121.1.6.5 Magnetic Levitation and Transportation
1544.3.3 Crystal Field vs. Ligand Field Theory
131.1.6.6 Spintronics and Quantum Computing
1554.3.4 Spectrochemical Series
141.1.6.7 Renewable Energy and Magnetic Materials
1564.3.5 High-Spin vs. Low-Spin Complexes
151.1.7 Contemporary Research Frontiers
1574.3.6 Application of Ligand Field Theory in Coordination Chemistry
161.1.7.1 Multiferroic Materials
1584.4 Spin-Crossover Complexes
171.1.7.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
1594.4.1 Introduction to Spin-Crossover Phenomenon
181.1.7.3 Topological Insulators and Magnetic Skyrmions
1604.4.2 Mechanisms of Spin-Crossover Transitions
191.1.7.4 Quantum Computing and Spintronics
1614.4.2.1 Ligand-Field Effects
201.1.7.5 Magnonics and Spin Waves
1624.4.2.2 Steric Interactions
211.1.7.6 Magnetic 2D Materials
1634.4.2.3 Solvent Interactions
221.2 Basic Concepts of Magnetism
1644.4.2.4 Cooperative Interactions
231.2.1 Magnetic Moment and Spin
1654.4.3 Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization
241.2.2 Magnetic Fields
1664.4.3.1 X-ray Crystallography
251.2.3 Magnetic Domains
1674.4.3.2 UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
261.2.4 Paramagnetism
1684.4.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
271.2.5 Diamagnetism
1694.4.3.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
281.2.6 Ferromagnetism
1704.4.4 Applications of Spin-Crossover Complexes
291.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials
1714.4.4.1 Molecular Switches
301.3.1 Ferromagnetic Materials
1724.4.4.2 Sensors
311.3.1.1 Atomic Magnetic Moments and Exchange Interactions
1734.4.4.3 Information Storage Devices
321.3.1.2 Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis
1744.4.4.4 Molecular Magnets
331.3.1.3 Curie Temperature and Magnetic Phase Transitions
1754.4.4.5 Multifunctional Materials
341.3.1.4 Technological Applications
1764.4.5 Future Directions and Challenges
351.3.2 Paramagnetic Materials
1774.4.5.1 Enhanced Stability and Reversibility
361.3.2.1 Unpaired Electron Spins and Magnetic Susceptibility
1784.4.5.2 Tailored Properties and Functionality
371.3.2.2 Curie-Weiss Law and Curie Temperature
1794.4.5.3 Integration into Devices and Systems
381.3.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1804.4.5.4 Fundamental Understanding and Modeling
391.3.2.4 Magnetic Sensors and Detectors
1814.4.5.5 Exploration of New Applications and Frontiers
401.3.3 Diamagnetic Materials
182Conclusion
411.3.3.1 Orbital Diamagnetism and Lenz’s Law
183Magnetic Interactions in Solids
421.3.3.2 Magnetic Susceptibility and Meissner Effect
1845.1 Crystal Field Theory
431.3.3.3 London Equations and Flux Quantization
1855.1.1 Introduction to Crystal Field Theory
441.3.3.4 Applications in Magnetic Levitation and Confinement
1865.1.2 Electrostatic Interactions in Crystal Field Theory
451.3.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials
1875.1.3 Spherical Symmetry and Orbital Degeneracy in Crystal Field Theory
461.3.4.1 Neel Temperature and Magnetic Ordering
1885.1.4 Energy Levels and Crystal Field Splitting Parameter
471.3.4.2 Neel Vector and Magnetic Domains
1895.1.5 Predictive Power of Crystal Field Theory
481.3.4.3 Spintronics and Exchange Bias Effect
1905.1.6 Limitations and Extensions of Crystal Field Theory
491.3.4.4 Technological Applications
1915.2 Band Theory of Magnetism
501.3.5 Ferrimagnetic Materials
1925.2.1 Introduction to Band Theory
511.3.5.1 Magnetic Sublattices and Net Magnetization
1935.2.2 Formation of Energy Bands
521.3.5.2 Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls
1945.2.3 Band Structure and Magnetism
531.3.5.3 Magnetic Anisotropy and Exchange Interactions
1955.2.4 Role of Exchange Interactions
541.3.5.4 Technological Applications
1965.2.5 Band Theory and Magnetic Properties
551.4 Scope and Objectives of the Book
1975.3 Superexchange Interactions
561.4.2 Bridging the Gap between Theory and Experiment
1985.3.1 Introduction to Superexchange Interactions
571.4.3 Multidisciplinary Approach
1995.3.2 Mechanisms of Superexchange
581.4.4 Practical Applications and Technological Implications
2005.3.3 Hund’s Rule and Spin Coupling in Superexchange Interactions
591.4.5 Educational Resources and Learning Tools
2015.3.4 Magnetic Properties and Phase Transitions in Superexchange Systems
60Conclusion
2025.3.5 Applications of Superexchange Interactions in Materials Science
61Classical Models of Magnetism
2035.3.6 Experimental Techniques and Computational Modeling in Superexchange Systems
622.1 Classical Spin Models
2045.4 Magnetic Ordering in Crystalline Solids
632.1.1 Ising Model
2055.4.1 Ferromagnetism
642.1.2 Heisenberg Model
2065.4.2 Antiferromagnetism
652.1.3 XY Model
2075.4.3 Ferrimagnetism
662.1.4 Applications of Classical Spin Models
2085.4.4 Spin Glass
672.2 Weiss Mean Field Theory
2095.4.5 Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls
682.2.1 Introduction to Mean Field Theory
210Experimental Techniques for Studying Magnetism
692.2.2 Basic Assumptions and Concepts
2116.1 Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
702.2.3 Weiss Molecular Field
2126.1.1 Principles of Magnetic Susceptibility
712.2.4 Self-Consistent Mean Field Equations
2136.1.2 Direct Measurement Techniques
722.2.5 Application and Limitations
2146.1.3 Indirect Measurement Techniques
732.3 Landau Theory of Phase Transitions
2156.1.4 Significance of Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
742.3.1 Introduction to Landau Theory
2166.2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
752.3.2 Order Parameter and Free Energy
2176.2.1 Principles of EPR
762.3.3 Landau Free Energy Expansion
2186.2.2 Instrumentation
772.3.4 Phase Diagram and Critical Points
2196.2.3 Sample Preparation and Handling
782.3.5 Application and Limitations
2206.2.4 Applications of EPR
79Conclusion
2216.2.5 Recent Advances in EPR
80Quantum Mechanical Foundations
2226.3 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
813.1 Quantum Mechanics and Angular Momentum
2236.3.1 Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy
823.1.1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
2246.3.2 Instrumentation for Mössbauer Spectroscopy
833.1.2 Angular Momentum Operators
2256.3.3 Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy
843.1.3 Spin and Magnetic Moments
2266.4 Neutron Scattering Techniques
853.1.4 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Interactions
2276.4.1 Principles of Neutron Scattering
863.2 Magnetic Dipole Moment
2286.4.2 Instrumentation for Neutron Scattering
873.2.1 Origin of Magnetic Dipole Moment
2296.4.3 Types of Neutron Scattering Techniques
883.2.2 Quantum Mechanical Description
2306.4.4 Applications of Neutron Scattering
893.2.3 Relation to Orbital and Spin Angular Momentum
2316.4.5 Recent Advances in Neutron Scattering
903.2.4 Influence of External Magnetic Fields
2326.5 X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD)
913.2.5 Quantum Mechanical Effects
2336.5.1 Principles of XMCD
923.2.6 Applications and Significance
2346.5.2 Instrumentation for XMCD
933.3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetism
2356.5.3 Applications of XMCD
943.3.1 Spin-Orbit Coupling
2366.6 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
953.3.2 Magnetic Anisotropy
2376.6.1 Principles of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
963.3.3 Types of Magnetic Anisotropy
2386.6.2 Instrumentation for Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
973.3.3.1 Shape Anisotropy
2396.6.3 Operation of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
983.3.3.2 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
2406.6.4 Applications of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
993.3.3.3 Magnetoelastic Anisotropy
241Conclusion
1003.3.4 Influence of Magnetic Anisotropy on Magnetic Properties
242Magnetic Materials and Applications
1013.3.4.1 Magnetic Domain Formation
2437.1 Soft Magnetic Materials
1023.3.4.2 Magnetization Reversal Processes
2447.1.1 Properties of Soft Magnetic Materials
1033.3.4.3 Magnetic Domain Wall Dynamics
2457.1.2 Fabrication Methods
1043.3.5 Engineering Magnetic Anisotropy
2467.1.3 Applications of Soft Magnetic Materials
1053.3.5.1 Thin Film Deposition Techniques
2477.2 Hard Magnetic Materials
1063.3.5.2 Strain Engineering
2487.2.1 Introduction to Hard Magnetic Materials
1073.3.5.3 Interface Engineering
2497.2.2 Types of Hard Magnetic Materials
1083.4 Quantum Mechanical Models of Magnetic Excitations
2507.2.2.1 Alnico Magnets
1093.4.1 Spin Waves and Magnons
2517.2.2.2 Rare Earth Magnets
1103.4.2 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Spin Excitations
2527.2.2.3 Ferrite Magnets
1113.5 Quantum Mechanical Models of Magnetic Phase Transitions
2537.2.3 Properties of Hard Magnetic Materials
1123.5.1 Ising Model
2547.2.4 Applications of Hard Magnetic Materials
1133.5.2 Heisenberg Model
2557.3 Magnetic Recording
1143.5.3 Mean Field Theory
2567.3.1 Components of Magnetic Recording Systems
1153.5.4 Renormalization Group Theory
2577.3.2 Technological Advancements in Magnetic Recording
1163.5.5 Quantum Monte Carlo Methods
2587.3.3 Applications of Magnetic Recording
1173.6 Quantum Mechanical Models of Magnetic Relaxation
2597.4 Spintronics
1183.6.1 Spin-Lattice Relaxation
2607.4.1 Introduction to Spintronics
1193.6.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation
2617.4.2 Spin Transport and Spin Injection
120Conclusion
2627.4.3 Spin-Dependent Phenomena
121Magnetic Interactions in Molecules
2637.4.4 Spin-Based Devices
1224.1 Molecular Orbital Theory
2647.4.5 Applications of Spintronics
1234.1.1 Introduction to Molecular Orbitals
2657.4.6 Challenges and Future Directions in Spintronics
1244.1.2 Formation of Molecular Orbitals
266Conclusion
1254.1.3 Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals
267Recent Advances and Future Directions
1264.1.4 Electron Configuration in Molecular Orbitals
2688.1 Multiferroic Materials
1274.1.5 Magnetic Properties Arising from Molecular Orbitals
2698.1.1 Properties of Multiferroic Materials
1284.1.6 Application of Molecular Orbital Theory in Magnetic Interactions
2708.1.2 Synthesis Methods for Multiferroic Materials
1294.2 Exchange Interactions
2718.1.3 Characterization Techniques for Multiferroic Materials
1304.2.1 Introduction to Exchange Interactions
2728.1.4 Current Research Trends in Multiferroic Materials
1314.2.2 Types of Exchange Interactions
2738.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
1324.2.2.1 Ferromagnetic Exchange Interaction
2748.2.1 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1334.2.2.2 Antiferromagnetic Exchange Interaction
2758.2.2 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1344.2.2.3 Ferrimagnetic Exchange Interaction
2768.2.3 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles
1354.2.3 Mechanisms of Exchange Interactions
2778.2.4 Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1364.2.3.1 Direct Exchange
2788.3 Topological Insulators and Magnetic Skyrmions
1374.2.3.2 Indirect Exchange (Superexchange)
2798.3.1 Topological Insulators
1384.2.3.3 RKKY Interaction
2808.3.2 Magnetic Skyrmions
1394.2.4 Experimental Probes of Exchange Interactions
2818.3.3 Applications and Future Directions
1404.2.4.1 Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
282Conclusion
1414.2.4.2 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
283Glossary
1424.2.4.3 Neutron Scattering
284Index
