1Preface
1785.3.1 Light Intensity and Temperature
2Chapter 1. Crop Physiology: An Introduction
1795.3.2 Carbon Dioxide
31.1 Introduction
1805.3.3 Water
41.2 What is Crop physiology?
1815.3.4 Minerals
51.2.1 Crop Physiology Concept
1825.3.5 Internal Factors
61.2.2 Crop Physiology Defined
1835.4 The Importance of Photosynthesis
71.3 Evolutionary Aspects of Crop Physiology
1845.5 The Process of Photosynthesis
81.3.1 A Brief History of Crop Physiology
1855.6 Energy Efficiency of Photosynthesis
91.3.2 Current Status and Achievements
186Chloroplasts, The Photosynthetic Units Of Green Plants
101.4 Importance of Physiology in Agriculture and Horticulture
1875.6.1 How does Photosynthesis Store Energy in Plants?
111.4.1 Seed Physiology
188Chemical Reaction as a Formula
121.4.2 Optimum Seedling Growth and Plant Population
189Light Reaction
131.4.3 Growth Measurement of Crops
190Calvin Cycle
141.4.4 Harvest Index
191Currency of All Life
151.4.5 Mode of Action Of Different Weedicides
192Light Absorption
161.4.6 Nutriophysiology
1935.7 Photosynthesis: An Oxidation–Reduction Reaction Process
171.4.7 Photoperiodism
1945.7.1 Photosynthetic Electron Transport: Photosystems are Major Components of the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
181.4.8 Plant Growth Regulators
1955.7.2 Photosystem II Oxidizes Water to Produce Oxygen
191.4.9 Development of Drought-Resistant Varieties
1965.7.3 The Cytochrome Complex and Photosystem I Oxidize Plastoquinol
201.4.10 Transpiration Efficiency or Water Use Efficiency: 11. Post-harvest Physiology
1975.7.4 Photophosphorylation is the Light-Dependent Synthesis of ATP
211.5 Self-Assessment Questions
1985.8 Photo Phosphorylation
221.6 References
1995.9 Lateral Heterogeneity is the Unequal Distribution of Thylakoid Complexes
23Chapter 2. Water, Nutrients, and Oxygen Balance in Plants
200Lateral Heterogeneity of Plant Thylakoid Complexes
242.1 Introduction
201(a) Proteins and Lipids in Lively Membranes
252.2 Water Importance and Water Balance
202 (b) Green gels and Aqueous Polymer two-phase Liquid Partition
262.2.1 Why do Plants need Water?
203(c) Partitioning Photosystem II and Photosystem I
272.2.2 Water Balance
204(d) Why was the Concept of Lateral Heterogeneity such a Heretical Idea?
282.3 Plant-water Relations
2055.10 Cyanobacteria Oxygenic Photosynthesis
292.3.1 Water Potential
206Eco-physiology
30Water Movement by Diffusion, Osmosis and Bulk Flow
2075.10.1 Photosynthetic Electron Flow
31The Concept of Water Potential
2085.10.2 Respiratory Electron Flow
32Water Absorption by Roots
2095.10.3 NAD(P)H Oxidation
332.3.2 Transport through the Xylem
2105.10.4 Succinate Dehydrogenase
34The Xylem consists of two Types of Tracheary Elements
2115.10.5 Terminal Oxidases
35The Cohesion-tension Theory Explains Water Transport in the Xylem
2125.10.6 Components Involved in Both Photosynthesis and Respiration
362.3.3 Transpiration
213The Plastoquinone Pool
37Factors that affect transpiration
214The Cytochrome b6f Complex
38The Driving Force for Transpiration is the Difference in Water Vapor Concentration
215Soluble Electron Carriers
39Stomatal Control Couples Leaf Transpiration to Leaf Photosynthesis
2165.11 Herbicides which Inhibit Electron Transport
40The Cell Walls of Guard Cells have Specialized Features
2175.12 Self-Assessment Questions
412.4 Plant Water Status: 2.4.1 Influence of Extreme Water Supply
2185.13 References
422.5 Nutrient balance in Plants
219Chapter 6. Plant Stress Physiology
432.5.1 What is Balanced Plant Nutrition?
2206.1 Introduction
442.5.2 Nutrient Stewardship Approach
2216.2 The Basic Concepts of Plant stress, Acclimation, and Adaptation
45Right product
2226.2.1 Plants Respond to Stress in Several Different Ways
46Right rate
2236.2.2 Adaptation and Phenotypic Plasticity
47Right time
2246.2.3 Imbalances of Abiotic Factors have Primary and Secondary Effects on Plants
482.5.3 Essential Nutrients
2256.2.4 The Light-dependent Inhibition of Photosynthesis
492.5.4 Nutrient Uptake
2266.3 Temperature Stress in Crop Plants
50Soil, Roots, and Microbes
2276.3.1 Temperature Stress Effect on Membranes and Enzymes
51Plants Develop Extensive Root System
2286.3.2 Temperature Stress Inhibit Photosynthesis
52Mycorrhizal Fungi Facilitate Nutrient Uptake by Roots
2296.3.3 Freezing Temperatures: Cause ice Crystal Formation and Dehydration
53Mycorrhizal Fungi Facilitate Nutrient Uptake by Roots
2306.3.4 Too Much Light Inhibits Photosynthesis: The D1 Repair Cycle Overcomes Photodamage to PSII
54Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
2316.4 Soil Stress in Plants: 6.4.1 High Cytosolic Na+ and Cl- Denature Proteins and Destabilize Membranes
55Passive and Active Transport
2326.5 Water Stress: Persistent Threat to Plant Survival
56Channels Enhance Diffusion across Membranes
2336.5.1 Water Stress Leads to Membrane Damage
57Carriers Bind and Transport Specific Substances
2346.5.2 Photosynthesis is Particularly Sensitive to Water Stress
58Primary Active Transport, Called Pumps, Requires Direct Energy Source
2356.6 Water Deficit and Drought Resistance
59Secondary Active Transport uses Stored Energy
2366.6.1 Drought Resistance Strategies Vary with Climatic or Soil Conditions
60Cations are transported by both Cation Channels and Cation Carriers
2376.6.2 Decreased Leaf Area Is an Early Adaptive Response to Water Deficit
61Solute Transport
2386.6.3 Water Deficit Stimulates Leaf Abscission
62Pathways of Translocation
2396.6.4 Water Deficit Enhances Root Extension into Deeper, Moist Soil
63Materials Translocated in the Phloem
2406.6.5 Water Deficit Increases Wax Deposition on the Leaf Surface
64The Pressure-Flow Model, a Passive Mechanism for Phloem Transport
2416.6.6 Water Deficit Alters Energy Dissipation from Leaves
65Photosynthate Distribution: Allocation and Partitioning
2426.6.7 Osmotic Stress Induces Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Some Plants
66Transport of Signaling Molecules
2436.6.8 Plant–pathogen Interactions: Pathogens as Biotic Stress Factors
672.6 Nutritional Deficiencies: 2.6.1 Analysis of Plant Tissues Reveals Mineral Deficiencies
244Cellular Events Arising in ‘Gene for Gene’ Systems
682.7 Self-Assessment Questions
245Systemic Acquired Resistance
692.8 References
246Salicylic acid plays an Important Role in Systemic Acquired Resistance
70Chapter 3. Plant Nutrition - Physiology and Applications
2476.7 Oxygen Deficiency and Root Metabolism
713.1 Introduction
2486.7.1 Anaerobic Microorganisms Are Active in Water-Saturated Soils
723.2 Nutrition in Plants
2496.7.2 Roots Are Damaged in Anoxic Environments
733.2.1 The Common Nutritional Needs of Plants
2506.7.3 Damaged O2-Deficient Roots Injure Shoots
743.2.2 The Chemical Composition of Plants
2516.7.4 Submerged Organs Can Acquire O2 through Specialized Structures
753.3 Inorganic nutrients: 3.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Inorganic Nutrients
2526.7.5 Most Plant Tissues Cannot Tolerate Anaerobic Conditions
763.4 Organic nutrients
2536.8 Self-Assessment Questions
773.4.1 Carbohydrates
2546.9 References
783.4.2 Lipids (fats and oils)
255Chapter 7. Physiology of Plant Growth and Development
793.4.3 Proteins
2567.1 Introduction
803.4.4 The Advantages of Organic Fertilizers over Chemical Fertilizers
2577.2 Plant Life Cycle
813.5 Mineral Nutrition
2587.2.1 Seed Stage
823.5.1 Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants
2597.2.2 Germination
833.5.2 Essential Mineral Elements
2607.2.3 Growth
843.5.3 Nutrient Problems
2617.2.4 Reproduction
853.5.4 Solutions and Prevention of Nutrient Problems
2627.2.5 Pollination
863.6 Essential Nutrients for Plants
2637.2.6 Spreading Seeds
873.6.1 Forms of Essential Plant Nutrients
2647.3 Concept of Plant Growth and Development
88Primary (Macro) Nutrients
2657.3.1 Differentiation Refers to Qualitative Changes that Normally Accompany Growth
89Nitrogen
2667.3.2 Development is the Sum of Growth and Differentiation
90Phosphorus
2677.3.3 The Nature of Plant Meristems
91Potassium
268Meristems are Centers of Plant Growth
92Secondary Nutrients
269The Root and Shoot Apical Meristems use Similar Strategies to Enable Indeterminate Growth
93Calcium
2707.3.4 The Development, Maturation and Germination of Seeds
94Magnesium
271Seeds Bearing Embryos are formed in the Flowers
95Sulfur
272Seed Development is characterized by Extensive Cell Divisions
96Micronutrients
2737.3.5 Germination is Resumption of Embryo Growth: The pattern of Development from Embryo to Adult
97Boron
2747.3.6 Senescence and Programmed Cell Death: Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is a specialized type of Senescence
98Chlorine
2757.4 Factors affecting Plant Growth and Development
99Copper
2767.4.1 The Effect of Light in a Plant’s Life Cycle
100Iron
277Characteristics of Phytochrome-induced Responses
101Manganese
278Phytochrome Signaling Pathways
102Molybdenum
279Circadian Rhythms
103Zinc
280Phytochrome enables Plants to Adapt to Changing Light Conditions
1043.7 Beneficial Elements
281The Responses to Blue Light Signals are Distinct from Phytochrome Responses
105Aluminum
282Plants can be Classified According to their Photoperiodic Responses
106Iodine
283Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold
107Lithium
2847.4.2 Water
108Rubidium
285How Water Nourishes Plants
109Silver
286Right Amount of Water
1103.8 Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms
2877.4.3 Temperature
111Phosphorous is Part of the Nucleic Acid Backbone and has a Central Function in Intermediary Metabolism
2887.4.4 Nutrients
112Potassium Activates Enzymes and Functions in Osmoregulation
289Macronutrients and Micronutrients
113Sulfur is an Important Constituent of Proteins, Coenzymes, and Vitamins
290Soil Nutrient Imbalances
114Calcium is Important in Cell Division, Cell Adhesion, and as a Second Messenger
291Three Nutrients in Fertilizers
115Magnesium is a Constituent of the Chlorophyll Molecule and an Important Regulator of Enzyme Reaction
292Plant Diseases From Lack of Nutrients
116Boron appears to have a Role in Cell Division and Elongation and Contributes to the Structural Integrity of the Cell Wall
2937.5 The key elements and processes in plant growth
117Copper is a Necessary Cofactor for Oxidative Enzymes
294How Plants Grow?: Stem Growth
118The Role of Nickel is not clear
2957.5.1 Primary Growth
119Micronutrient Toxicity Syndrome
2967.5.2 Secondary Growth: Annual Rings
120Crop Species/Cultivars
2977.6 Plant Hormones and Growth Responses
121Lime Effect on Media pH
2987.6.1 Auxins
122Fertilizer Selection
299The Principal Natural Auxin is Indole-3-acetic Acid
123Irrigation water
300Auxin Transport
124Preventing MTS
301Effects of Auxin on Growth and Development
125Corrective Measures
302Auxin Induced Proton Extrusion Increases Cell Extension
1263.9 Self-Assessment Questions
303Auxin Regulates Apical Dominance
1273.10 References
304Auxin Promotes the Formation of Lateral and Adventitious Roots
128Chapter 4. Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake
305Auxin Delays the Onset of Leaf Abscision
1294.1 Introduction
306Auxin Promotes Fruit Development
1304.2 Plant nutrients in the Soil
3077.6.2 Gibberellins
1314.2.1 Major Elements
308Effects of Gibberellins on Growth and Development
132Nitrogen (N)
309Gibberellins Promote Seed Germination via Interrupting of Dormancy
133Phosphorus (P)
310Gibberellins Promote Fruit set and Parthenocarpy
134Potassium (K)
3117.6.3 Cytokinins
135Calcium (Ca)
312Cytokinin Receptor and Signaling
136Magnesium (Mg)
313Both Cytokinin and Auxin Regulate the Plant cell Cycle and are needed for cell Division
137Sulfur (S)
314The Auxin: Cytokinin Ratio Regulates Morphogenesis in Cultured Tissues
1384.2.2 Trace Elements
315Cytokinin-overproducing Plants have Delayed Senescence and Yield more Grain
1394.3 The Soil as a Nutrient Reservoir
3167.6.4 Ethylene
1404.3.1 Carbon Dioxide and Soil
3177.6.5 Abscisic Acid
1414.3.2 Colloids are a Significant Component of Most Soils
3187.6.6 Brassinosteroids: BRs Promote both Cell Proliferation and Cell Elongation
1424.3.3 Colloids Present a Large, Negatively Charged Surface Area
3197.6.7 Synthetic and Microbial Plant Hormones in Plant Production
1434.3.4 Soil Colloids Reversibly Adsorb Cations from the Soil Solution
320Manipulation of Cytokinins is a tool to Alter Agriculturally Important Strains
1444.3.5 The Anion Exchange Capacity of Soil Colloids is Relatively Low
321The use of Ethylene and Brassinosteroids in Plant Production
1454.4 Soil-Plant Interactions: Nutrient Uptake
3227.7 Nontraditional Hormones
1464.4.1 Nutrient Uptake by Plants
3237.7.1 Jasmonates
147Active Transport Requires the Expenditure of Metabolic Energy
3247.7.2 Oligosaccharins
148Selective Accumulation of Ions by Roots
3257.7.3 Microbial Plant Hormones
149Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Movement
326Bacterial and Fungal Plant Hormones
150The Nernst Equation Helps to Predict Whether an Ion is exchanged actively or passively
327Microalgal plant hormones
151Electrogenic Pumps are Critical for Cellular Active Transport: Active Transport is driven by ATPase-Proton Pumps
3287.8 Self-Assessment Questions
152The Atpase-Proton Pumps of Plasma Membranes and Vacuolar Membranes are Different
3297.9 References
153K+ Exchange is mediated by Two Classes of Transport Proteins
330Glossary
1544.4.2 Cellular Ion Uptake Processes are Interactive
331Index
1554.4.3 Root Architecture is Important to Maximize Ion Uptake
332A
156The First Step in Mineral Uptake by Roots Is Diffusion into the Apparent Free Space
333B
157The Radial Path of Ion Movement through Roots
334C
158Ions are Actively Secreted into the Xylem Apoplast
335D
159Emerging Secondary Roots May Contribute to the Uptake of Some Solutes
336E
1604.5 Root Microbe Interaction in Facilitating Nutrient Uptake
337F
1614.5.1 Bacteria Other than Nitrogen Fixers Contribute to Nutrient Uptake by Roots
338G
1624.5.2 Mycorrhizae are Fungi That Increase the Volume of the Nutrient Depletion Zone around Roots
339H
1634.5.3 Soil Microorganisms Create the Soil Structure
340I
1644.5.4 Soil Management
341J
165Benefits
342L
166Considerations
343M
1674.6 Self-Assessment Questions
344N
1684.7 References
345O
169Chapter 5. Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism
346P
1705.1 Introduction
347R
1715.2 Photosynthesis: an Overview
348S
1725.2.1 General Characteristics
349T
173Development of the idea
350V
174Overall reaction of photosynthesis
351W
175Basic products of photosynthesis
352X
176Evolution of the process
353Z
1775.3 Factors That Influence the Rate of Photosynthesis
