1Preface
653.4.2 Types of Exploitation
2Chapter - 1 Conservation and Conservation Biology
663.4.3 Consequences of Overexploitation
31.1 Introduction
673.5 Invasive Species
41.2 Meaning of Conservation and its Component
683.5.1 Factors that Make a Species Invasive
51.2.1 Geographic Factors
693.5.2 How New Species are Introduced?
61.2.2 Demographic Factors
703.5.3 How Invasive Species Spread?
71.2.3 Human Factors
713.5.4 Threats to Native Wildlife
81.2.4 Legislation and Political Activity
723.5.5 The Cost of Invasive Species
91.2.5 Natural Conservation
733.5.6 Prevention and Control
101.2.6 The Ethics of Conservation
743.6 Exercise
111.2.7 But does Conservation Work?
753.7 Further Readings
121.3 Conservation Efforts
76Chapter - 4 Maintaining Biodiversity
131.3.1 Conservation at Many Levels
774.1 Introduction
141.3.2 Conservation Methods
784.2 Protecting Ecosystems
151.4 Conservation Biology
794.2.1 Reserve Selection
161.4.1 A Brief History of the Young Discipline
804.2.2 Reserve Design
171.4.2 Threats to Biological Diversity
814.2.3 Reserve Management
181.4.3 Ecology and Keystone Species
824.3 Managing Ecosystems
191.4.4 Connection between Biodiversity and Conservation
834.3.1 Modified Ecosystems
201.5 Exercise
844.3.2 Cultivated Ecosystems
211.6 Further Readings
854.3.3 Built Ecosystems
22Chapter - 2 Biodiversity and its Importance
864.3.4 Restoring Ecosystems
232.1 Introduction
874.4 Managing Populations
242.2 Basics of Biodiversity
884.4.1 Providing Resources
252.2.1 Best Tips for Conserving Biodiversity
894.4.2 Controlling Threats
262.2.2 Importance of Biodiversity
904.4.3 Direct Manipulations
272.2.3 Structure and Function of Biodiversity
914.5 Exercise
282.2.4 Measuring Biodiversity
924.6 Further Readings
292.2.5 The Mis-measure of Biodiversity
93Chapter - 5 Human Factors to Biodiversity
302.2.6 Biodiversity and Spatial Scales
945.1 Introduction
312.2.7 The Related Concepts of “Integrity” and “Sustainability”
955.2 Social Factors
322.3 Species Diversity
965.2.1 Values Differ
332.3.1 Definition of Species
975.2.2 Values Change
342.3.2 Numbers of Species
985.3 Economics
352.3.3 Intrinsic Value of Species and their Conservation Status
995.3.1 The Benefits of Economics
362.3.4 Instrumental Values of Species
1005.3.2 The Costs
372.4 Ecosystem Diversity
1015.3.3 Distribution of Benefits and Costs
382.4.1 What is an Ecosystem?
1025.4 Politics and Action
392.4.2 Ecosystem Conservation
1035.4.1 Setting Priorities for Action
402.4.3 Values of Ecosystems
1045.4.2 Rights and Responsibilities
412.4.4 Difference between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Diversity
1055.4.3 International Agencies
422.4.5 Ecosystems and Landscapes
1065.4.4 Governments
432.5 Genetic Diversity
1075.4.5 Non-governmental Organizations
442.5.1 Definition of Genetic Diversity
1085.4.6 Corporations
452.5.2 Importance of Genetic Diversity
1095.4.7 Communities
462.5.3 Processes that Diminish Genetic Diversity
1105.4.8 Individuals
472.5.4 Cultural Diversity
1115.5 Exercise
482.6 Exercise
1125.6 Further Readings
492.7 Further Readings
113Chapter - 6 The Legal Foundations of Biodiversity Conservation
50Chapter - 3 Threats to Biodiversity
1146.1 Introduction
513.1 Introduction
1156.2 Conservation Law and Policy: 6.2.1 Historical Origin of Conservation Law
523.2 Extinction
1166.3 International Conservation Law
533.2.1 Mass Extinctions
1176.3.1 General Considerations
543.2.2 Global Climate Change
1186.3.2 The United Nations and Environmental Programs
553.2.3 Consequences of Extinctions
1196.3.3 Values and Importance of Biodiversity
563.2.4 Extinction Processes
1206.4 Measures for Sustainable Development
573.3 Ecosystem Degradation and Loss
1216.4.1 Salient Principles of Sustainable Development
583.3.1 Contamination
1226.4.2 Sustainability Need and Framework
593.3.2 Roads, Dams, and Other Structures
1236.4.3 Important Measures for Sustainable Development
603.3.3 Deforestation
1246.4.4 Sustainability Gaps
613.3.4 Desertification
1256.5 Exercise
623.3.5 Fragmentation
1266.6 Further Readings
633.4 Overexploitation
127Glossary
643.4.1 Long History of Overexploitation
128Index
