1Preface
20713.5 Fuel Regulation
21 An Insight to Service Information on Automotive Vehicles
20813.6 Lambda Sensors Diagnosis
31.1 Vehicle Identification
20913.7 Frequency
41.1.1 Make, Model, and Year
21013.8 Hash : 13.8.1 Causes of Hash
51.1.2 VIN or Vehicle Identification Number
21113.9 Post Catalytic Converter Oxygen Sensor Testing
61.1.3 Vehicle Safety Certification Label
21213.10 References
71.1.4 VECI Label
21314 Wide-band Lambda Sensors
81.1.5 Calibration Codes
21414.1 Introduction
91.1.6 Casting Numbers
21514.2 Purpose and Function
101.2 Service Information
21614.3 Narrow-band
111.2.1 Service Manuals
21714.4 Construction
121.2.2 Electronic Service Information
21814.5 Heater Circuit
131.2.3 Technical Service Bulletins
21914.6 Planar Design
141.2.4 Internet
22014.7 Dual-cell Planar Wide-band Sensor Operation
151.2.5 Operations and Evokes
22114.7.1 Construction
161.3 Threaded Fasteners
22214.7.2 Operation
171.3.1 Bolts and Threads
22314.8 Stochiometric
181.3.2 Fractional Threads
22414.9 Dual Cell Diagnosis
191.3.3 Metric Bolts
22514.10 Single Cell Wide-band Sensors: 14.10.1 Construction
201.3.4 Grades of Bolts
22614.11 References
211.3.5 Tensile Strength of Fasteners
22715 Fuel Pumps, Lines, and Filters
221.3.6 Nuts
22815.1 Introduction
231.3.7 Washers
22915.2 Fuel Tanks
241.4 Hand Tools
23015.2.1 Location and Mounting of Tank
251.4.1 Wrenches
23115.2.2 Filler Tubes
261.4.2 Ratchets, Sockets, and Extensions
23215.2.3 Pressure-vacuum Filler Cap
271.4.3 Screwdrivers
23315.2.4 Fuel Pickup Tube
281.5 References
23415.2.5 Tank Venting Requirements
292 Effects of Hazardous Materials on the Environment
23515.3 Leakage Protection in case of Roll-over
302.1 Introduction
23615.4 Fuel Lines
312.2 Harmful Wastes
23715.4.1 Rigid Lines
322.3 Centralized and State Regulations
23815.4.2 Flexible Lines
332.4 Authorization to Identify Rules
23915.4.3 Fuel Line Mounting
342.6 Hazards Caused by Asbestos
24015.4.4 Fuel Injection Clamps and Lines
352.6.1 Asbestos OSHA Standards
24115.4.5 Nylon Lines and Fuel Injection Components
362.6.2 Asbestos EPA Regulations
24215.4.6 Fuel Line Layout
372.7 Applications of Brake Fluid and Oils
24315.5 Electrical Fuel Pumps: 15.5.1 Positive Displacement Pumps
382.7.1 Brake Fluid
24415.6 Fuel Filters
392.7.2 Oil
24515.7 Fuel Pump Testing
402.8 Solvents in our Ecosystem
24615.8 References
412.8.1 Effects of Chemical Poisoning and its Regulatory Status
24716 Functions and Constituents of Fuel Injection System
422.8.2 Used Solvents
24816.1 Function of an Electronic Fuel Injection System
432.9 Dissipation from Lead Acid Battery
24916.2 Fuel Injection Systems
442.10 Fuel Security and their Preservation
25016.2.1 Speed Density Fuel Injection System
452.11 Disposals of Used Tire
25116.2.2 Mass Air-flow Fuel Injection Systems
462.12 References
25216.3 Throttle Body Injection
473 Operations and Designs of Gasoline Engine
25316.4 Injection of Port Fuel
483.1 Role and Purpose
25416.5 Fuel Pressure Regulator
493.2 An Overview on Power and Energy Released by Gasoline Engines
25516.6 Fuel Pressure Regulator based on Vacuum
503.3 The Overview of the Engine Construction
25616.7 Electronic Returnless Fuel System
513.3.1 Block
25716.8 Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
523.3.2 Rotating Assembly
25816.9 Demand Delivery System
533.3.3 Cylinder Heads
25916.10 Fuel Injections
543.4 The Systems and Parts of the Engine
26016.10.1 Central Point Injection
553.4.1 Various Exhaust Systems
26116.10.2 Modes of Operation of Fuel Injection Systems
563.4.2 Cooling System
26216.11 References
573.4.3 Lubrication System
26317 Insights of the Direct Injection Systems of Gasoline Engines
583.4.4 The Ignition System and Fuel System
26417.1 Introduction
593.5 Four Stroke Cycle Operation
26517.2 Theory of Operation
603.5.1 Principles of the Four Stroke Rotation Maneuver
26617.3 New Approach Towards GDI
613.5.2 Functions of the Four Stroke Cycle
26717.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of GDI
623.5.3 The 720 - Degree Cycle
26817.5 GDI in Two-stroke Engines
633.5.4 Construction of the Engine and its Classification
26917.6 Downside of the GDI
643.5.5 Engine Rotation Direction
27017.7 Development Potential
653.6 Engine Measurement
27117.8 Summary
663.6.1 Bore
27217.9 References
673.6.2 Stroke
27318 Fundamentals of Throttle Control Systems
683.6.3 Displacement
27418.1 Introduction
693.6.4 Conversion
27518.2 Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
703.6.5 Estimation of the Cubic Inch Displacement
27618.3 Throttle Body Assembly
713.7 Compression Ratio
27718.4 Throttle Position Sensor
723.7.1 Definition
27818.5 Diagnosis of Electronic Throttle Control System
733.7.2 Calculating Compression Ratio
27918.6 Servicing of Electronic Throttle Control System
743.7.3 Altering the Compression Ratio
28018.7 References
753.8 Horsepower and Torque
28119 Analysis of Services by Fuel Injection Systems
763.8.1 Defining Torque
28219.1 Introduction
773.8.2 Defining Power
28319.2 Injectors
783.8.3 Altitude and Horsepower
28419.3 Common Issues with Fuel Injectors
794 Diesel Engines: Analysis and Functions
28519.4 Port Fuel Injector Pressure Regulator Diagnosis
804.1 Introduction to Diesel Engines
28619.5 Port fuel-injection system diagnosis
814.1.1 Merits and Demerits
28719.6 The Electronic Fuel Injection Diagnosis using Visual Inspection
824.1.2 Fabrication of Diesel Engines
28819.7 The Checking of the Fuel Injector Resistance
834.1.3 Air Fuel Ratio in Diesel Engines
28919.7.1 The Estimation of Grouped Injector Resistance
844.1.4 Direct and Indirect Injection
29019.7.2 Measuring Resistance of Individual Resistance
854.1.5 Diesel Fuel Injection
29119.8 Drop Tests
864.2 Combustion Phases
29219.8.1 Pressure-drop Balance Test
874.3 Lift Pump and Fuel Tank
29319.8.2 Injector Voltage-drop Test
884.4 Injection Pump
29419.9 Scan Tool Vacuum Leak Diagnosis
894.4.1 Distributor Injection Pump
29519.10 Scope Testing Fuel Injections
904.4.2 High Pressure Common Rail
29619.10.1 Saturated Switch Type
914.5 HEUI System
29719.10.2 Peak and Hold Type
924.6 Diesel Injector Nozzles: 4.6.1 Functions of a Diesel Injector Nozzle
29819.10.3 Pulse Width Modulated Type
934.7 Glow Plugs
29919.11 Fuel Injection Service
944.8 References
30019.12 Fuel System Scan Diagnosis
955 Gasoline
30119.13 Idle Air Speed Control Diagnosis
965.1 Introduction
30219.14 References
975.2 Chemical Analysis
30320 Standards of Vehicle Emission and Testing
985.3 Crude Oil
30420.1 Introduction
995.4 Cracking and Distillation Characteristics
30520.2 Setting Up of the Performance for Vehicle Emission
1005.5 Some Remarkable Physical Properties of Gasoline
30620.3 Regulations by the United States of America on Emission
1015.5.1 Density
30720.4 Regulations Taken by the European Nations against Emission
1025.5.2 Stability
30820.5 Regulations Taken by the Asian Nations against Emission
1035.5.3 Energy Content
30920.6 References
1045.6 Octane Rating
31021 Evaporative Emission Control Systems
1055.7 Additives
31121.1 Evaporative Emission Control System
1065.7.1 Antiknock Additives
31221.1.1 Functions and Purposes
1075.7.2 Tetraethyl-lead
31321.1.2 Common Components
1085.7.3 Lead Replacement Petrol
31421.1.3 EVAP System Operation
1095.7.4 MMT
31521.1.4 Evaporative Pressures
1105.7.5 Fuel Stabilizers
31621.2 Non-enhanced Evaporative Control System
1115.8 Oxygenate Blending
31721.3 Enhanced Evaporative Control System
1125.9 Summary
31821.3.1 Background
1135.10 References
31921.3.2 Vent Valve
1146 Alternative Fuels
32021.3.3 Purge Valve
1156.1 Introduction
32121.3.4 Leak Detection Pump System Functions and Purposes
1166.2 Various Kind of Alternative Fuels
32221.3.5 Operation
1176.3 Fuels Which are Extracted from Alcohols
32321.4.1 Functions and Purposes
1186.4 Propane Gas
32421.4.2 Operation
1196.5 Power from Nuclear Power Plants
32521.5 Diagnosis of the EVAP System
1206.6 References
32621.5.1 Symptoms
1217 Intake and Exhaust Systems
32721.5.2 State EVAP Tests
1227.1 Introduction
32821.5.3 Finding the Leakages in the System
1237.2 Intake Systems
32921.6 Evaporate System Monitor
1247.2.1 Scavenging and Supercharging
33021.6.1 OBD - 2 Requirements
1257.2.2 Machineries Involved in Intake Systems
33121.6.2 The Engine-off Natural Vacuum
1267.3 Exhaust Systems
33221.7 The Typical EVAP Monitor: 21.7.1 Operating the EVAP Monitor
1277.3.1 Exhaust Manifolds
33322 Exhaust Gas Re-circulation System
1287.3.2 Exhaust Pyrometers
33422.1 Introduction
1297.4 Summary
33522.2 EGR: 22.2.1 Exhaust Gas Re-circulation System Operation
1307.5 References
33622.3 Nitrogen Oxide
1318 Turbocharging and Supercharging
33722.4 EGR in Diesel Engines
1328.1 Introduction
33822.5 Monitoring Strategies for EGR
1338.2 Operating Principle of a Turbocharger
33922.6 How to Diagnose a Faulty EGR
1348.3 Principles based on Forced Induction
34022.7 References
1358.3.1 Purpose and Function
34123 Positive Schemes Implemented on Crankcase Ventilation and Secondary Air Injection Systems
1368.3.2 Forced Induction System
34223.1 Introduction
1378.3.3 Boost and Compression Ratios
34323.2 Crankcase Ventilation
1388.4 Superchargers
34423.2.1 PCV Valves
1398.4.1 Types of Superchargers
34523.2.2 Orifice Controlled System
1408.4.2 Supercharger Boost Control
34623.2.3 Separator Systems
1418.4.3 Supercharger Service
34723.2.4 Analysis of PCV system
1428.5 Turbochargers
34823.2.5 PCV System Performance Check
1438.6 Operation
34923.3 Secondary Air Injection System
1448.6.1 Turbocharger Size and Response Time
35023.3.1 Parts and Operation
1458.6.2 Boost control
35123.3.2 Belt Driven Air Pumps
1468.7 References
35223.3.3 Electric Motor Driven Air Pumps
1479 Engine Condition Diagnosis
35323.4 Secondary Air Injection System Diagnosis
1489.1 Introduction
35423.5 References
1499.2 Smoke Diagnosis of the Engine: 9.2.1 Detection of the Problem by Smelling
35524 Analysis of Ignition System Operations
1509.3 Visual Inspection
35624.1 Introduction
1519.3.1 The Level and the Condition of the Oil
35724.2 Some Procedures of Ignition
1529.3.2 The Level and the Condition of the Coolant
35824.3 Construction of an Ignition System
1539.3.3 Oil Leakage
35924.4 Testing of an Ignition Coil
1549.4 Testing of the Oil Pressure
36024.5 References
1559.5 Cylinder Leakage Test
36125 Analysis of Scan Tools and Engine Performances
1569.6 Test for Cylinder Power Balance
36225.1 Introduction
1579.7 Vacuum Test
36325.2 The Eight Step Diagnostic Procedure
1589.7.1 Cranking Vacuum Test
36425.3 Retrieval of the Diagnostic Information
1599.7.2 Idle Vacuum Test
36525.4 Scan Tools
1609.7.3 Low and Steady Vacuum
36625.4.1 Factory Scan Tools
1619.7.4 Fluctuating Vacuum
36725.4.2 Aftermarket Scan Tools
1629.8 Test for Restricted Exhaust System
36825.5 Troubleshooting Using the Diagnostic Trouble Codes: 25.5.1 The Methods for Clearing the Diagnostic Trouble Codes
1639.9 Back Pressure Testing
36925.6 Flash Code Retrieval on OBD-I General Motor Vehicles
1649.9.1 Testing with Vacuum Gauge
37025.7 OBD-II Active Tests
1659.9.2 Testing with Pressure Gauge
37125.7.1 OBD-II Drive Cycles
1669.10 Diagnosis of the Head Gasket Failure
37225.7.2 Types of OBD-II Codes
1679.11 Dashboard Warning Light
37325.7.3 OBD-II Freezing Frame
1689.11.1 Engine Light
37425.7.4 Diagnosis of the Intermittent Malfunction
1699.11.2 Coolant Temperature Light
37525.8 Manufacturer’s Diagnostic Routine
1709.12 Compression Test
37625.9 Ways to Reset the PCM
1719.12.1 Wet Compression Test
37725.10 Road Tests: 25.10.1 Universal Drive Cycle
1729.12.2 Dynamic Compression Test
37825.11 Completing the System Repair
1739.13 Diagnosis of the Engine Noise
37925.12 References
1749.14 The KISS Test Method
38026 Various Facility Schemes on Hybrid Security
1759.15 The Paper Test
38126.1 Introduction
1769.16 References
38226.2 High–voltage Security Mechanisms
17710 The Temperature Sensors
38326.2.1 Rubber Gloves
17810.1 Introduction
38426.2.2 CAT III – Rated Digital Multi-meter
17910.2 Sensor Construction
38526.2.3 Insulation Tester, Eye Shield, and Security Cones
18010.3 Testing Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
38626.3 Potency of Electric Shock
18110.4 Intake Air Temperature Sensor
38726.4 Restraining the High-voltage Structure
18210.5 Evaluation of Intake Air Temperature Sensor
38826.5 Eliminating the High – voltage Batteries
18310.6 Transmission Fluid and Temperature Sensor : 10.6.1 Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
38926.6 Scheduled Service Schemes
18410.7 Exhaust Gas Re-circulation Temperature
39026.6.1 Facilities for Altering Oil
18510.8 References
39126.6.2 Cooling System Facility
18611 Throttle Position Sensors
39226.6.3 Braking System Facility
18711.1 Introduction
39326.7 References
18811.2 Functions of Throttle Situation Sensor
39427 Introduction of Advanced Technologies in Fuel Cells
18911.3 Test of Throttle Position Sensor
39527.1 Introduction
19011.4 Analytical Trouble Codes
39627.2 Fuel Cell Technology
19111.5 References
39727.2.1 Merits of a Fuel Cell
19212 Mass Airflow Sensors
39827.2.2 Obstacles Faced by Fuel Cells
19312.1 Introduction
39927.3 Classification of Fuel Cells
19412.2 Classification of MAS
40027.4 PEM Fuel Cells
19512.3 Karman Vortex Sensors
40127.5 Full Cell Stacks
19612.4 Applications of PCM in MAS
40227.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
19712.5 Examination of the MAS
40327.7 Fuel Cells Induced in Vehicle System
19812.6 Contagion of MAS
40427.7.1 Fuel Cell Cooling Systems
19912.7 References
40527.7.2 Air Supply Pumps
20013 Lambda Sensors
40627.7.3 Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles
20113.1 Introduction
40727.7.4 Secondary Batteries
20213.2 Principles and Functions
40827.7.5 Ultra-capacitors
20313.3 Production and Procedure
40927.7.6 Hydrogen Preservation
20413.4 Some Important Lambda Sensors
41027.8 References
20513.4.1 Titania Lambda Sensors
411Index
20613.4.2 Closed and Open Loop Sensors
