1Preface
269Pests and Diseases
2Chapter 1. Forestry: Introductory Concepts
270Cooking and Nutrition
31.1 Introduction
271Sesbania sesban Sesbania sesban
41.2 Forests: Concepts and Definitions: What is a forest?
272Origin
51.3 History of Forestry
273Uses
61.3.1 The Ancient World
274Cultivation
71.3.2 Medieval Europe
275Harvesting and Seed Production
81.3.3 Modern Developments: Development of U.S. policies
276Pests and Diseases
91.4 Botanical classification and Distribution of Forests
277Tamarind Tamarindus indica
101.4.1 Gymnosperms
278Origin
111.4.2 Angiosperms
279Uses
12Monocots
280Cultivation
13Dicots
281Harvesting and Seed Production
141.5 Occurrence and Distribution
282Pests and Diseases
151.6 Purposes and Techniques of Forest Management
283Cooking and Nutrition
161.6.1 Multiple-use Concept
284Neem Azadirachta indica
171.6.2 Sustained Yield
285Uses
181.6.3 Forest Products
286Cultivation
191.6.4 Silviculture
287Harvesting and Seed Production
20Natural Regeneration
288Pests and Diseases
21Artificial Regeneration
289Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba
221.6.5 Range and Forage
290Uses
231.6.6 Recreation and Wildlife
291Cultivation
241.6.7 Watershed Management and Erosion Control
292Harvesting and Seed Production
251.6.8 Fire Prevention and Control
293Cooking and Nutrition
261.6.9 Insect and Disease Control
294Tara Caesalpinia spinosa
271.6.10 Agroforestry
295Uses
281.6.11 Urban Forestry
296Cultivation
291.7 Types of Forest
297Harvesting and Seed Production
301.7.1 Equatorial Moist Evergreen or Rainforest
298Pests and Diseases
31Location
299Cooking and Nutrition
32Climatic Characteristics
300Tree Lucerne Chamaecytisus prolifer
33Characteristics of Vegetation
301Uses
34Major Tree Species
302Cultivation
35Commercial Utility
303Harvesting and Seed Production
361.7.2 Tropical Deciduous Forest
304Pests and Diseases
37Location
305Cooking and Nutrition
38Climatic Characteristics
306Fish Bean Tephrosia vogelii
39(a) Temperature
307Origin
40(b) Rainfall:
308Uses
41(c) Relative humidity:
309Cultivation
42Characteristics of Vegetation
310Harvesting and Seed Production
43Flora and Fauna
311Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium
44Major Tree Species
312Uses
45Economic Importance
313Cultivation
461.7.3 Mediterranean Forests
314Harvesting and Seed Production
47Location
315Cooking and Nutrition
48Climatic Characteristics
316Red Gum Eucalyptus Eucalyptus camaldulensis
49(a) Temperature
317Origin
50(b) Rainfall
318Cultivation
51(c) Humidity
319Harvesting and Seed Production
52Characteristics of Vegetation
320Pests and Diseases
531.7.4 Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous and Mixed Forest
321Apple Ring Acacia Faidherbia albida
54Location
322Uses
55Climatic Characteristics
323Cultivation
56Major Species
324Harvesting and Seed Production
571.7.5 Warm Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest
325Pests and Diseases
58Location
326Cooking and Nutrition
59Characteristics
327Silk Oak Grevillea robusta
60Major Species
328Uses
61Uses
329Cultivation
621.7.6 Coniferous Forest
330Harvesting and Seed Production
63Location
331Pests and Diseases
64Climatic Characteristics
332Jatropha Jatropha curcas
65Major Species
333Uses
66Characteristics of trees
334Cultivation
67Economic Importance of Coniferous Forests
335Harvesting and Seed Production
681.8 Importance of Forest as a Resource
336Pests and Diseases
691.8.1 Forests Provide Jobs and Incomes
337Cooking and Nutrition
701.8.2 Forests Host 80 % of All Terrestrial Biodiversity
338Moringa Moringa oleifera
711.8.3 Forests are Vital to Our Health
339Origin
721.8.4 Forests Give Us Oxygen
340Uses
731.8.5 Forests Account For 75 % of Freshwater Resources Worldwide
341Cultivation
741.8.6 Forests regulate precipitation worldwide
342Harvesting and Seed Production
751.8.7 Trees and Forests Are Natural Cooling Systems
343Pests and Diseases
761.8.8 Forests Slow Down Global Warming
344Cooking and Nutrition
771.8.9 Forests Protect us from Disasters
345African Moringa Tree Moringa stenopetala
781.8.10 Forests and Trees Grow On More Fertile Soils
346Origin
791.8.11 Forests Purify the Soil, Water and Air
347Cultivation
801.8.12 Forests Contribute to Our Well-Being
348Harvesting and Seed Production
811.9 How can we save forests?
349Pests and Diseases
821.10 Self-Assessment Questions
350Cooking and Nutrition
831.11 REFERENCES
351Silver Terminalia, Silver Clusterleaf Terminalia sericea
84Chapter 2. Agroforestry: Sustainable Agricultural Systems
352Uses
852.1 Introduction
353Cultivation
862.2 Agroforestry: Definition and Evolutionary Aspects
354Harvesting and Seed Production
872.2.1 Definition
355Cooking and Nutrition
882.2.2 History of Agroforestry
356Monkey Bread Piliostigma thonningii
89Traditional agroforestry
357Origin
90From centuries-old to modern agroforestry
358Uses
912.3 Agroforestry: Advantages and Disadvantages
359Cultivation
922.3.1 Advantages
360Harvesting and Seed Production
931. Soil fertility and closed nutrient cycles
361Pests and Diseases
942 Control of soil salinity
362Cooking and Nutrition
953. Prevention of runoff, better water management and cleaner groundwater
363Cassia Senna spectabilis
964. Stabilization of soils and microclimate
364Origin
975. Lower input of agrochemicals
365Cultivation
986. Improvement of wildlife and pollinator habitat
366Harvesting and Seed Production
997. Remediation of polluted soils
367Pests and Diseases
1008. Provision of diverse products and poverty reduction
368Cooking and Nutrition
1019. Prevention of damage to forests
369Cassod Tree Senna siamea
10210. Climate change mitigation (carbon sequestration)
370Origin
1032.3.2 Disadvantages of Agroforestry
371Uses
1041. Labor intensive system
372Cultivation
1052. Long waiting time for payback
373Harvesting and Seed Production
1063. Limited possibilities to sell products
374Pests and Diseases
1074. Lack of legal support for agroforestry farmers
375Cooking and Nutrition
1085. Knowledge and technology-intensive method
376Prickly Sesban Sesbania bispinosa
1096. Competition for resources
377Origin
1107. Invasive species and alternate hosts of pests
378Uses
1118. Allelopathy
379Cultivation
1122.4 Agroforestry Practices : 2.4.1 Potential of Agroforestry for Livestock and Human Needs
380Harvesting and Seed Production
1132.5 Classification and Types of Agroforestry Systems
381Pests and Diseases
1142.5.1 Agrisilviculture
382Cooking and Nutrition
1152.5.2 Silvopasture
383Agati Sesbania grandiflora
116General Benefits of Silvopasture
384Origin
117General Limitations of Silvopasture
385Uses
118Components of Silvopasture
386Cultivation
119Livestock
387Harvesting and Seed Production
120Grazing Considerations
388Pests and Diseases
121Special Water Considerations for Silvopasture
389Cooking and Nutrition
122Water Distribution
390Toon Tree Toona ciliata
123Browsing
391Origin
124Fencing
392Cultivation
125Trampling damage
393Harvesting and Seed Production
126Trees
394Pests and Diseases
127Forage
395Cooking and Nutrition
1282.5.3 Agrisilvipasture
396Buffalo Thorn Ziziphus abyssinica
1292.6 Role of Agroforestry for Sustainable Development
397Cultivation
1302.6.1 Increased Production and Enhanced Farmers’ Income
398Harvesting and Seed Production
1312.6.2 Supplement Food and Fodder
399Pests and Diseases
1322.6.3 Soil Improvement
400Cooking and Nutrition
1332.6.4 Environmental Improvement
401Leucaena Leucaena diversifolia, L. leucocephala, L. pallida X L. leucocephala
1342.7 Self-Assessment Questions
402Uses
1352.8 References
403Cultivation
136Chapter 3. Forest Resources and Land use
404Harvesting and Seed Production
1373.1 Introduction
405Pests and Diseases
1383.2 What are the resources of the forest?
406Cooking and Nutrition
1393.2.1 Historical Background and Scientific Foundations
407Edible Australian Acacias Acacia colei, A. elecantha, A. torulosa, A. tumida
1403.2.2 Issues and Impacts
408Uses
1413.3 Forest Resources Management
409Cultivation
1423.3.1 Historical Aspects of Forest Resource Management
410Harvesting and Seed Production
1433.3.2 The Status of World Forests
411Pests and Diseases
1443.3.3 Forest Resource Management Approaches
412Cooking and Nutrition
1453.4 Conservation of Forest Resources
413Acacia mangium Acacia mangium
1463.4.1 Reforestation
414Origin
1473.4.2 Wildlife and Timber Reserves
415Uses
1483.5 Changing Patterns of Forest Resource Use
416Cultivation
1493.5.1 The Impact of Commercialization and Urban Growth on Resource Use
417Harvesting and Seed Production
1503.5.2 The Impact of Forest Degradation on Forest Resource Use
418Pests and Diseases
1513.5.3 Use of Forest Tree Species on Farmlands
419Northern Black Wattle Acacia auriculiformis
1523.5.4 Changes in Usury Rights to Forest Products
420Uses
1533.6 Land Use
421Cultivation
1543.6.1 Historical Land Use
422Harvesting and Seed Production
1553.6.2 Traditional Land Uses
423Pests and Diseases
1563.6.3 Industrial Agriculture
424Calliandra Calliandra calothyrsus
1573.6.4 Infrastructure Development
425Uses
1583.6.5 Mining & Extraction
426Cultivation
1593.6.6 Agroforestry
427Harvesting and Seed Production
1603.7 Self-Assessment Questions
428Pests and Diseases
1613.8 References
429Cooking and Nutrition
162Chapter 4. Agroforestry: Ecology & Biodiversity
430Coral Tree Erythrina poeppigiana
1634.1 Introduction
431Origin
1644.2 Biodiversity: What is it, where is it, and why is it important?
432Uses
1654.2.1 Defining Biodiversity: Measuring Biodiversity: Species Richness and Indicators
433Cultivation
1664.3 Where is biodiversity?
434Harvesting and Seed Production
167Spatial Patterns of Biodiversity: Temporal Patterns of Biodiversity
435Pests and Diseases
1684.4 What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?
436Sesbania Sesbania rostrata
1694.4.1 Supporting Services
437Uses
1704.4.2 Regulating Services
438Cultivation
171Invasion resistance
439Harvesting and Seed Production
172Pollination
440Pests and Diseases
173Climate regulation
441Cooking and Nutrition
174Pest, disease, and pollution control
442Mesquite Prosopis chilensis
1754.5 Ecological Aspects of Forestry
443Origin
1764.5.1 Why are Forests Different from One Part of the World to Another?
444Uses
1774.5.2 Why do Forests Change over Time?
445Cultivation
1784.5.3 Forest Ecosystem Structure
446Harvesting and Seed Production
1794.5.4 Soil
447Pests and Diseases
1804.5.5 Microclimate of Forest
448Cooking and Nutrition
1814.6 Agroforestry for Conserving and Enhancing Biodiversity
449Guazuma Guazuma ulmifolia
1824.6.1 Protection of Biodiversity
450Origin
1834.6.2 Riparian Buffers
451Uses
1844.6.3 Natural fences
452Cultivation
1854.6.4 Environmental Protection
453Harvesting and Seed Production
1864.6.5 Wind Breaks
454Pests and Diseases
1874.6.6 Watershed Management
455Cooking and Nutrition
1884.6.7 Erosion Prevention
456Fever-Tree Acacia xanthophloea
1894.6.8 Carbon Sequestration
457Uses
1904.7 How does Agroforestry Protect the Water Cycle and Energy?
458Cultivation
1914.7.1 Physical Geography of Water Cycle
459Harvesting and Seed Production
1924.7.2 Energy and Water
460Pests and Diseases
1934.7.3 Key Components of Water Balance
461Cooking and Nutrition
1944.8 Self-Assessment Questions
462Sandalwood Adenanthera pavonina
1954.9 References
463Uses
196Chapter 5. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs in Agroforestry
464Cultivation
1975.1 Introduction
465Harvesting and Seed Production
1985.2 What is a multipurpose tree?
466Pests and Diseases
1995.3 Why grow multipurpose trees?
467Cooking and Nutrition
2005.3.1 Reducing Risk of Total Crop Failure
4685.7 Self-Assessment Questions
2015.3.2 Income Generation and Distribution
4695.8 References
2025.3.3 Selecting Appropriate Species
470Chapter 6. Climate Change and Its Effect on Agroforestry
203Fuelwood
4716.1 Introduction
204Round wood (poles and posts)
4726.2 Climate Change
205Fodder
4736.2.1 Global Climate Change
206Live fences
4746.2.2 Impact of Climate Change
207Windbreaks and shelterbelts
475Water Resources
208Stabilizing stream banks and gullies
476Soil Water and Water-use Efficiency
209Suitable species
477Coastal Zone
210Soil protection and rehabilitation
478High Latitudes
211Shade and nurse trees
479Agriculture and Forestry
212Decoration and enjoyment
480Pests and Weeds
213Industrial uses
4816.2.3 Climate Change and Biodiversity
2145.4 Matching species to requirements
482Direct Impacts
2155.4.1 Site Characteristics
483Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
2165.4.2 Indigenous Versus Exotic Species
484Species Loss
2175.4.3 Environmental Matching
485Species Ranges and Distribution
2185.4.4 Preferences of End-users
486Phenology
219Technical requirements
487Species Interactions
220Potential competition with other crops
488Indirect Impacts
221Availability of Planting Material
489Variations between Regions, Species and Ecosystems
2225.5 Selection of the best Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry?
490Ecosystems and Biodiversity
2235.5.1 Environmental Adaptation
4916.3 Green House Gases and its impact on Agroforestry
2245.5.2 Needs of Farmers
4926.3.1 Major Greenhouse Gases
2255.5.3 Ease of Maintenance
493Water vapor
2265.5.4 Availability of Genetic Materials
494Carbon dioxide
2275.6 Multipurpose Tree Species in Agroforestry
495Methane
228African Mahogany Khaya nyasica
4966.3.2 Lesser Greenhouse Gases
229Origin
497Surface-level ozone
230Uses
498Nitrous oxides and fluorinated gases
231Cultivation
4996.3.3 Green House Gases and Agroforestry
232Harvesting and Seed Production
5006.4 How Agroforestry Could Solve Climate Crisis?: Prospects for agroforestry in REDD+
233Pests and Diseases
5016.5 Agroforestry’s Role in Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change
234Prairie Acacia Acacia angustissima
5026.6 Deforestation and Climate Change Facts
235Uses
5036.6.1 Deforestation in Current Times
236Cultivation
5046.6.2 Effects of Deforestation on Climate Change
237Harvesting and Seed Production
505Local Climate Change
238Pests and Diseases
506Agricultural and Financial Losses
239Woman’s Tongue Tree Albizia lebbeck
507Soil Erosion
240Uses
508Global Warming
241Cultivation
509Cultural Displacement
242Pests and Diseases
510Addressing the Problem
243Flemingia Flemingia macrophylla
5116.6.3 Clear-cutting of Trees and Development
244Uses
5126.6.4 Reasons for Deforestation
245Cultivation
5136.7 Role of Agroforestry in Food Security
246Harvesting and Seed Production
5146.8 Self-Assessment Questions
247Pests and Diseases
5156.9 References
248Kenya Shade Tree Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
516Glossary
249Uses
517Index
250Cultivation
518Index
251Harvesting and Seed Production
519A
252Pests and Diseases
520B
253Pod Mahogany Afzelia quanzensis
521C
254Uses
522D
255Cultivation
523E
256Harvesting and Seed Production
524F
257Pests and Diseases
525G
258Cooking and Nutrition
526I
259Silk Tree Albizia lucida
527J
260Origin
528L
261Uses
529M
262Cultivation
530N
263Pests and Diseases
531P
264Black Locust/False Acacia Robinia pseudoacacia
532R
265Origin
533S
266Uses
534T
267Cultivation
535U
268Harvesting and Seed Production
536W
