1Preface
1347.2.2 The Role of Architecture in Tissue Engineering
2Chapter 1. History of Tissue Engineering
1357.2.3 Emulating Nature: Fabrication of Micro and Nanoscale Architectures
31.1 The Early Years
136Electrospinning
41.2 The Society
137Phase Separation and Selective Dissolution
51.3 Tissue Engineering And The Public Arena
138Self Assembly
61.4 Summary
1397.3 Application of Biomimetic Architectures
71.5 Questions
1407.3.1 Vasculature
81.6 References
1417.3.2 Ligament and Tendon Tissue Engineering
9Chapter 2. Cells As Building Blocks
1427.3.3 Skin
102.1 Introduction
1437.3.4 Nervous System
112.1.1 Types of Cells
1447.4 Future Directions and Conclusion
12Prokaryotic cell
1457.5 Summary
13Eukaryotic cell
1467.6 Questions
142.1.2 Cellular Processes
1477.7 References
15Replication
148Chapter 8. Biomaterial Mediated Neural Regeneration
16DNA Repair
1498.1 Introduction
17Growth and metabolism
1508.2 Response to injury and repair
18Protein Synthesis
1518.3 Regeneration Potential of Neural Cells
19Motility
1528.4 Delivery of growth factors to promote regeneration
202.2 Isolation
1538.5 Biomaterials in Nerve Regeneration
212.2.1 Techniques
1548.6 Polymeric Scaffolds as Extracellular Matrix Analogues
22Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
1558.7 Geometric Cues - Structure of Scaffolds
23Density Gradient Centrifugation
1568.8 Nanofiber Properties & Electrospinning Technology
24Principles of Density Gradient Centrifugation
1578.9 Summary
25Density Gradient Reagents
1588.10 Questions
26Filtration: Process description
1598.11 References
27Aptamer-based cell isolation
160Chapter 9. Market
28Buoyancy- Activated cell sorting (BACS)
1619.1 Beginning
292.3 Cell sources
1629.2 Crash
302.3.1 Primary Cells
1639.3 Reemergence
312.3.2 Secondary Cells
1649.4 Tissue Engineering Market – Insights
322.4 Genetic classifications of cells
1659.4.1 Increasing Prevalence Of Kidney-Related Disorders Is Expected To Drive The Tissue Engineering Market Growth
332.4.1 Autologous Cell
1669.4.2 Tissue Engineering Market Restraints
342.4.2 Allogeneic Cell: Possible Complications
1679.5 Market Dynamics
352.4.3 Xenogeneic cell:
1689.5.1 Segmentation
362.4.4 Syngeneic Cell
1699.5.2 Key Players
372.5 Stem cells
1709.6 Regional Analysis
382.5.1 Properties
1719.6.1 Market Segmentation
39Self-renewal:
172Global Tissue Engineering Market, by Material
40Potency:
173Global Tissue Engineering Market, by Application
412.5.2 Identification
174Global Tissue Engineering Market, by Region
422.6 Summary
175Available Additional Customizations: Intended Audience
432.7 Questions
1769.7 Summary
442.8 References
1779.8 Questions
45Chapter 3. The Future of Stem Cells
1789.9 References
463.1 Introduction
179Chapter 10. Future Challenges In Tissue Engineering
473.2 Fundamentals of tissue engineering
18010.1 Introduction
483.3 Types of Stem cells
18110.2 Key materials for tissue engineering
493.4 Current progress
18210.2.1 Cells
503.5 Limitations
18310.2.2 Scaffolds
513.6 Ethical/technical considerations
18410.2.3 Growth Factors
523.7 Proposition 71 passage in California
18510.3 Animal Studies
533.8 Future of tissue engineering with stem cell research
18610.3.1 Skeletal System
543.9 Summary
18710.3.2 Cardiovascular System
553.10 Questions
18810.3.3 Nerve And Spinal Cord System
563.11 References
18910.3.4 Auricular Cartilage
57Chapter 4. Scaffolds
19010.4 Clinical studies
584.1 Introduction
19110.4.1 Skin
594.2 Materials
19210.4.2 Articular Cartilage
604.3 Non-fiber self-assembly
19310.4.3 Central Nervous System
614.4 Textile Technologies
19410.4.4 Myocardiac Tissue
624.5 Solvent casting and particulate leaching
19510.4.5 Urethra and Bladder
634.6 Gas foaming
19610.5 Concluding remarks
644.7 Emulsification freeze-drying
19710.6 Summary
654.8 Thermally induced phase separation
19810.7 Questions
664.9 Electrospinning
19910.8 References
674.9.1 Process
200Chapter 11. Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine: Achievements, Future, And Sustainability In Asia
684.9.2 Other Techniques
20111.1 Introduction
69Co-axial electrospinning
20211.2 Achievement of TERM in Asia
70Emulsion electrospinning
20311.2.1 Biomaterials
71Melt electrospinning
204Polymer
724.9.3 Uses
205Ceramics
73Filtration
206Metal
74Textile manufacturing
20711.2.2 Composite Materials
75Medical
20811.3 Cell Sources
76Cosmetic
20911.4 Enabling Technologies for TERM
77Pharmaceutical manufacturing
21011.4.1 3D Printing
78Composites
21111.4.2 Cell Sheet Technology
794.10 CAD/CAM technologies
21211.4.3 Genome Editing
804.10.1 Introduction
21311.4.4 Microfluidics
814.10.2 Computer-Aided Anatomic Modeling And 3-D Reconstruction
21411.4.5 Organ-on-a-Chip
824.11 Laser-assisted bioprinting
21511.5 Mechano-Regulation in TERM
834.11.1 Introduction
21611.5.1 Bone
844.11.2 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
21711.5.2 Tendon and Ligaments
854.11.3 In Vivo and In Situ Bioprinting
21811.5.3 Cartilage
864.12 Self-assembled recombinant spider silk nano-membranes
21911.5.4 Cardiac Tissue
874.12.1 Introduction
22011.5.5 Intervertebral Disc
884.12.2 Result and Discussion
22111.5.6 Blood Vessels
89Membrane Formation
22211.6 Applications of TERM in Different Tissues
90Mechanical Characterization
22311.6.1 Cartilage
91Membrane Permeability
22411.6.2 Skin
92Formation of a confluent cell layer
22511.6.3 Bone
934.13 Summary
22611.6.4 Cornea
944.14 Questions
22711.6.5 Nerve
954.15 References
22811.6.6 Tendon/Ligaments
96Chapter 5. Assembly Methods
22911.6.7 Cardiovascular Tissues
975.1 Classical Tissue Engineering
23011.7 Dental Tissues
985.2 Self-Assembling Process
23111.8 Summary
995.3 Other Scaffold- free Techniques
23211.9 Questions
1005.3.1 Advantage of Scaffold- free Technique
23311.10 References
1015.3.2 Scaffold- Free Tissue Engineering In The Clinic
234Chapter 12. Regulations
1025.4 Primarily Mechanically Functional Tissues
23512.1 Introduction
1035.4.1 Bone
23612.2 Definition of TBPs
1045.4.2 Cartilage
23712.3 Development stages of TBP
1055.4.3 Ligaments and Tendons
23812.4 The regulatory framework in the EU
1065.4.4 Cardiac
23912.5 The regulatory framework in the United States of America
1075.4.5 Vascular
24012.6 The regulatory framework in Canada
1085.5 Non-mechanical Tissue
24112.7 The regulatory framework in Australia
1095.5.1 Liver
24212.8 The regulatory framework in Japan
1105.5.2 Cornea
24312.9 The regulatory framework in South Korea
1115.6 Future Direction
24412.10 Summary
1125.7 Summary
24512.11 Questions
1135.8 Questions
24612.12 References
1145.9 References
247Glossary
115Chapter 6. Tissue Culture
248Index
1166.1 Introduction
249A
1176.2 Historical Developments
250B
1186.3 Culture Environments
251C
1196.4 Primary Cultures And Established Cell Lines
252D
1206.5 Biological insights
253E
1216.6 Bioreactors: 6.6.1 Long Fiber Generation
254F
1226.7 Bioartificial organs
255G
1236.7.1 Lung
256I
1246.7.2 Skin
257L
1256.7.3 Heart
258M
1266.7.4 Kidney
259N
1276.8 Summary
260P
1286.9 Questions
261R
1296.10 References
262S
130Chapter 7. Biomimetics
263T
1317.1 Introduction: 7.1.1 History
264U
1327.2 Biomimetic Architectures for tissue engineering
265V
1337.2.1 Structure- Function Relationships
266X
