1Preface
27V. THE DIVERSIFICATION ISLAM: SUNNI AND SHIA
2Dedication
28The Origins of the Sunni - Shia Schism
3I. THE ARABIAN PENINSULA BEFORE ISLAM
29Theological Differences between Sunni and Shia Islam
4PreIslamic Arabian Society and it’s Tribes
30Political and Social Ramifications of the Sunni - Shia Divide
5The Rise of Monotheistic Traditions in Arabia
31Significant Historical Events Related to the SunniShia Conflict
6Economic and Political Conditions of th Century Arabia
32Contemporary Relevance of Sunni - Shia Relations
7Major Religious and Philosophical Ideas Existing in Arabia
33VI. ISLAM AND OTHER ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
8The Significance of Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Context
34Early Interactions between Islam and Judaism
9II. THE LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD
35Cooperation and Conflict
10Muhammad’s Early Life and Religious Experiences
36Shared Beliefs and Theological Comparisons
11The Revelation and the Quran
37The Influence of Abrahamic Traditions on Islamic Thought
12Key Teachings and Principles of Islam
38Contemporary Interfaith Dialogue and Cooperation
13Muhammad’s Role as a Social and Political Leader
39VII. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM ACROSS THE GLOBE
14The Spread of Islam during Muhammad’s Lifetime
40The Expansion and it’s Impact
15III. THE RISE AN EXPANSION OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE
41The Arrival and Development of Islam in Asia
16The Early Caliphates and Their Conquests
42Historical Presence and Modern Challenges
17Military Strategies and Organization of the Islamic Armies
43The Adaptation of Islamic Practices in Different Cultural Contexts
18Administrative and Legal Systems of the Early Caliphates
44The Role of Sufi Orders in the Global Spread of Islam
19The Impact of Islamic Conquests on Conquered Territories
45VIII. ISLAM IN THE MODERN WORLD
20Economic Consequences of the Expanding Empire
46Challenges Faced by Muslims in the Contemporary World
21IV. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM
47The Rise of Islamic Reform Movements
22Flourishing of Islamic Science and Philosophy
48Contemporary Debates within Islamic Thought
23Key Figures in Islamic Science and Philosophy
49Intercultural Dialogue and Understanding
24Development of Islamic Art Architecture and Literature
50Trends and Predictions
25The Role of Translation Movements in the Dissemination of Knowledge
51Acknowledgments
26Cultural Exchange and Intellectual Interactions
52Glossary