1Crystal Structure
150Magnetic Properties of Solids
21.1 Introduction to Crystal Structures
1515.1 Magnetic Moments
3•Atomic Arrangement
152•Introduction:
4•Crystal Systems :
153•Origin of Magnetic Moments:
5•X-Ray Diffraction :
154•Types of Magnetic Moments:
6•Temperature and Pressure
155•Quantum Mechanical Treatment:
7•Applications:
156•Experimental Techniques:
81. Pharmaceutical Industry:
157•Role in Technological Applications:
92. Electronics Industry :
158•Challenges and Future Directions:
103. Metallurgy:
159•Conclusion:
114. Materials Engineering :
1605.2 Paramagnetism
125. Biomaterials:
1615.3 Diamagnetism
136. Nanotechnology :
1625.4 Ferromagnetism
147. Aerospace :
163•Introduction:
151.2 Bravais Lattices
164•Historical Background:
161.3 Crystal Symmetry
165•Theoretical Foundations:
171.4 Crystallography
166•Experimental Observations:
181.5 Crystal Defects
167•Mechanisms of Ferromagnetism:
191. Point Defects :: 2. Extended Defects :
168•Quantum Mechanical Aspects:
201.6 X-ray Diffraction
169•Practical Applications:
211.7 Electron Diffraction
170•Conclusion:
221.8 Neutron Diffraction
1715.5 Antiferromagnetism
231. Introduction to Crystal Structures:
1725.6 Ferrimagnetism
242. Bravais Lattices:
1735.7 Magnetic Domains
253. Crystal Symmetry:
174•Introduction:
264. Crystallography:
175•Fundamentals of Magnetism:
275. Crystal Defects:
176•Formation of Magnetic Domains:
286. X-ray Diffraction:
177•Characteristics of Magnetic Domains:
297. Electron Diffraction:
178•Domain Walls and Domain Dynamics:
308. Neutron Diffraction:
179•Manipulation of Magnetic Domains:
31Introduction to Crystal Structures:
180•Applications and Implications:
32Bravais Lattices:
181•Conclusion:
33Crystal Symmetry:
1825.8 Magnetic Resonance
34Crystallography:
183Superconductivity
35Crystal Defects:
1846.1 Meissner Effect
36Diffraction Techniques:
1856.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors
37Further Exploration:
1866.3 BCS Theory
38Crystal Binding and Lattice Vibrations
1876.4 Cooper Pairs
392.1 Bonding in Solids
188•Introduction:
40•Crystal Binding:
189•Formation of Cooper Pairs:
41•Ionic Bonding:
190•Mechanism of Pairing:
42•Covalent Bonding:
191•Characteristics of Cooper Pairs:
43•Metallic Bonding:
192•Effects of Cooper Pairing:
44•Lattice Vibrations:
193•Types of Superconductors:
452.2 Types of Bonds (Ionic, Covalent, Metallic)
194•Conclusion:
462.3 Free Electron Theory
1956.5 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
472.4 Energy Bands in Solids
196•Introduction to Superconductivity
482.5 Electron Effective Mass
197•Understanding Superconductivity
49•Crystal Binding:
198•Introduction to SQUID
50•Lattice Vibrations:
199•Operating Principles of SQUID
51•Implications for Electronic Properties:
200•Applications of SQUID
52•Semiconductors:
2011. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in Neuroscience:
53•Metals:
2022. Geomagnetic Prospecting in Geophysics:
54•Applications:
2033. Quantum Computing:: 4. Material Science and Condensed Matter Physics:
551. Electronic Devices:
204•Challenges and Future Directions
562. Energy Storage and Conversion:: 3. Nanotechnology:
2051. Cryogenic Cooling Requirement:: 2. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI):
572.6 Phonons and Lattice Vibrations
206•Future Directions:
58•Introduction:
2071. Development of Next-Generation Materials:
59•Lattice Vibrations:
2082. Integration with Quantum Technologies:: 3. Miniaturization and Integration:
60•Phonons:
209•Conclusion
61•Lattice Vibrations and Material Properties:
2106.6 High-Temperature Superconductors
62•Quantum Mechanics and Phonons:
211•Conventional vs. High-Temperature Superconductors:
63•Conclusion:
212•Mechanism of High-Temperature Superconductivity:
642.7 Thermal Properties of Solids
213•Types of High-Temperature Superconductors:
652.8 Phonon Dispersion
214•Applications and Challenges:
661. Bonding in Solids:
215•Future Directions:
672. Free Electron Theory:
216•Conclusion:
683. Energy Bands in Solids:
2176.7 Applications of Superconductors
694. Electron Effective Mass:
2186.8 Flux Quantization
705. Phonons and Lattice Vibrations:
219Dielectric Properties of Solids
716. Thermal Properties of Solids:
2207.1 Polarization in Dielectrics
727. Phonon Dispersion:
221•Introduction:
73Bonding in Solids and Types of Bonds (Ionic, Covalent, Metallic):
2221. Fundamentals of Polarization:
74Free Electron Theory and Energy Bands in Solids:
2232. Types of Polarization:
75Electron Effective Mass and Phonons:
224•Electronic Polarization:
76Electronic Properties of Solids
225•Ionic Polarization:
773.1 Band Theory of Solids
226•Orientational Polarization:
78•Introduction:
2273. Frequency Dependence of Polarization:
79•Principles of Band Theory:
2284. Dielectric Relaxation:
80•Periodic Boundary Conditions:
2295. Dielectric Losses:
81•Importance of These Principles:
230•Conclusion:
82•Mathematical Foundation:
2317.2 Electric Susceptibility
83•Energy Bands and Band Gaps:
232•Definition and Significance
84•Energy Bands:
233•Mathematical Formulation
85•Band Gaps:
234•Types of Electric Susceptibility
86•Lattice Vibrations and Electron-Electron Interactions:
235•Factors Affecting Electric Susceptibility
87•Band Structure of Materials:
236•Measurement Techniques
88•Metallic Band Structure:
237•Applications of Electric Susceptibility
89•Semiconductor Band Structure:
2387.3 Ferroelectricity
90•Insulating Band Structure:
239•Introduction
91•Temperature Effect:
240•Fundamental Principles of Ferroelectricity
92•Composition Effect:
241•Crystal Structure and Symmetry
93•Applications:
242•Domain Structure and Domain Engineering
94•Advanced Topics:
243•Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
95•Conclusion:
244•Mechanisms of Ferroelectricity
963.2 Nearly Free Electron Model
245•Displacive Mechanisms:
973.3 Tight Binding Model
246•Electronic Mechanisms:
983.4 Density of States
247•Hybrid Mechanisms:
993.5 Fermi Surface: •Let’s delve deeper into the properties and significance of the Fermi surface:
248•Dielectric Properties and Ferroelectric Switching
1003.6 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
249•Dielectric Constant:
101•Metals:
250•Dielectric Loss:
102•Insulators:
251•Ferroelectric Hysteresis:
103•Semiconductors:
252•Relationship with Ferroelectric Switching Kinetics:
1043.7 Electrical Conduction in Solids
253•Applications of Ferroelectric Materials
1053.8 Quantum Hall Effect
2541. Ferroelectric Memories:
106Band Theory of Solids:
2552. Ferroelectric Sensors and Actuators:
107Nearly Free Electron Model:
2563. Energy Harvesting:
108Density of States:
2574. Catalysis:: 5. Electrocaloric Cooling:
109Fermi Surface:
258•Conclusion
110Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors:: Electrical Conduction in Solids:
2597.4 Piezoelectricity
111Semiconductor Physics
2607.5 Pyroelectricity
1124.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
2617.6 Dielectric Breakdown
1134.2 Carrier Statistics
2627.7 Dielectric Spectroscopy
114•Semiconductor Physics: Semiconductor Junctions
2637.8 Applications of Dielectrics: Dielectrics find numerous applications:
115•Principles of Semiconductor Junctions
264Optical Properties of Solids
116•Types of Semiconductor Junctions
2658.1 Refractive Index
117•Applications of Semiconductor Junctions
2668.2 Absorption and Transmission
1184.3 Semiconductor Junctions
2678.3 Reflectance and Transmittance
119•Introduction:
2688.4 Dispersion
1201. Semiconductor Basics:
2698.5 Optical Absorption Processes
1212. Semiconductor Doping:
2708.6 Photoluminescence
1223. Formation of Semiconductor Junctions:
2718.7 Nonlinear Optics
1234. Depletion Zone Formation:
2728.8 Photonic Crystals
1245. Band Diagram and Energy Levels:
273Nanostructures and Nanotechnology
1256. Forward and Reverse Bias:
2749.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials
1267. Diode Operation:
2759.2 Nanofabrication Techniques
1278. Breakdown Phenomena:
2761. Lithography:
1289. Applications of Semiconductor Junctions:
2772. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD):
1294.4 PN Junctions
2783. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD):
130•Introduction:
2794. Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL):
131•Formation of PN Junctions:
2805. Nanopatterning by Self-Assembly:
132•Operation of PN Junctions:
2816. Nanolithography using Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM):: 7. Nanoscale Etching Techniques:
133•Applications of PN Junctions:
2829.3 Quantum Dots
1344.5 Semiconductor Diodes
2839.4 Nanowires and Nanotubes
135•Semiconductor Materials:
2849.5 Nanocomposites
136•Operation Mechanisms:
2859.6 Characterization of Nanomaterials
137•Applications:
2869.7 Applications of Nanotechnology
138•Conclusion:
2879.8 Challenges in Nanoscience
1394.6 Bipolar Junction Transistors
288Emerging Topics in Solid-State Physics
1404.7 Field Effect Transistors
28910.1 Spintronics
1414.8 Semiconductor Optoelectronics
29010.2 Topological Insulators
1421. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors:
29110.3 Quantum Computing
1432. Carrier Statistics:
29210.4 2D Materials
1443. Semiconductor Junctions:
29310.5 Perovskite Materials
1454. PN Junctions:
29410.6 Organic Semiconductors
1465. Semiconductor Diodes:
29510.7 Excitons and Polaritons
1476. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs):
29610.8 Quantum Dots in Biomedical Applications
1487. Field Effect Transistors (FETs):
297Glossary
1498. Semiconductor Optoelectronics:
298Index
