1Preface
176Rooting From Multiple Shoots of Taxus x Media
2Chapter 1. Plant Cell Culture Significance, Types, and Media
177Transplantation of Rooted Plantlets
31.1 Plant cell culture: an overview: 1.1.1 Historical prospect of Cell Culture
1784.4.3 Microporopogation of Chinese Aloe
41.2 Cell Culture - Basics, Techniques and Media : 1.2.1 Morphology
179Establishment of Bacteria-Free Explants of Chinese Aloe
51.3 Significance of Cell Culture
180Induction of Multiple Shoots From Bacteria-Free Chinese Aloe
61.4 Types of cell culture: 1.4.1 Cell Culture Media
1814.5 Materials
71.5 Cell Culture Protocol
182Organogenesis: Somatic Embryogenesis
81.5.1 Protocols for Cell Culture Preparation: Disposal
1834.5.1 Methods
91.6 Applications of Cell Culture
184Organogenesis From Seedling Explants : Explant Preparation and Culture Initiation
101.6.1 Seed Culture
185Shoot Development and Multiplication: Rooting
111.6.2 Meristem Culture
186Organogenesis from Adolescent/Mature Explants
121.6.3 Callus Culture
187Somatic Embryogenesis
131.6.4 Bud Culture
188Embryogenic Culture Initiation
141.6.5 Anther Culture
189Culture Maintenance
151.6.6 Cell Suspension Culture
190Embryo Development and Maturation
161.6.7 Micropropagation and Tissue Culture
1914.6 Exercise
171.7 Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
192Chapter 5. Embryo and Endosperm Culture
18Application # 1. Clonal Propagation and Micro-Propagation
1935.1 Embryo Culture
19Application # 2. Biomass Energy
1945.1.1 What is Embryo Culture?
20Application # 3. Secondary Metabolites
1955.1.2 Different Categories of Embryo-Culture and their Objectives
21Application #4. Genetic Variability
1961. Culture of Mature and Intact Seed Embryo:
22Application #5. Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed
1972. Culture of Surgically Dissected Embryo:
23Application # 6. Breaking Dormancy:
1983. Culture of Immature Embryos or Pro-embryo’s:
24Application #7. Haploid Plants:
1994. Culture of Intact Seed Containing Undifferentiated Embryo:
25Application # 8. Somatic Hybrids:
2005. Culture of Adventives Embryos from Polyembryonic Seeds:
26Application # 9. Transgenic Plants:
2016. Culture of Inviable or Abortive Embryos
27Application # 10. Germplasm Conservation:
2025.1.3 Principles of Embryo Culture
281.8 Plant Cell Cultures for the Production of Recombinant Proteins
2035.1.4 Protocol for Embryo Culture
291.9 Applications of Plant Tissue Culture in Forestry
2045.1.5 Precocious Germination Embryo in Culture
30Application # 1. Micropropagation:
2055.1.6 Types of Embryo Culture
31Application # 2. Apical Meristem Culture:
2061. Mature Embryo Culture
32Application # 3. Embryo Culture:
2072. Embryo Rescue
33Application # 4. Endosperm Culture:
2085.1.7 Culture Technique for Embryo Rescue
34Application # 5. Haploid Plants:
2095.1.8 Embryo-Endosperm Transplant
351.10 Plant Cell Culture Strategies for the Production of Natural Products (NPs)
2105.1.9 Nutritional Requirements of Embryo Cultures
361.10.1 Plant Cell Cultures
2111. Heterotrophic phase
371.10.2 Hairy Root Cultures
2122. Autotrophic phase
381.10.3 Cell Line Selection for Enhanced NP Production
2135.1.10 Composition of the Medium
391.10.4 Culture Condition Optimization
2145.1.11 Applications of Embryo Culture
401.10.5 Elicitation
2151. Prevention of Embryo Abortion
411.10.6 Immobilization of Plant Cells
2162. Overcoming Seed Dormancy
421.10.7 Permeabilisation, Secretion and Extraction of NPs: Biotransformation
2173. Shortening of Breeding Cycle
431.10.8 Cambial Meristematic Cells
2184. Production of Haploids
441.10.9 Scale-Up Strategies for NP Production
2195. Overcoming Seed Sterility
451.11 Exercise
2206. Clonal Propagation
46Chapter 2. Micropropagation - An Overview of its Techniques
2215.1.12 Importance of Embryo Culture In Relation to Biological Knowledge
472.1 Micropropagation: Definition and Purpose
222Culture of Non-Viable or Abortive Embryo
482.1.1 Purpose of Micropropagation
223Culture of the abortive embryo from normal plant
49Large Scale Production
224Culture of abortive hybrid embryo
50Disease-free plants
225Crop Plants
51Conservation and Preservation
226Barley
522.1.2 Methods of Micropropagation
227Rice
532.2 Steps of Micropropagation
228Jute
54Stage 0: Preparative stage
229Cotton
55Stage 1: Initiation of Culture
230Legumes
56Stage II - Multiplication stage
231Horticultural Plants
57Stage III: Shoot elongation and root development
2325.1.13 Seed Dormancy and Embryo Culture
58Stage IV: Acclimatization (transplantation)
233Shortening of the Breeding Cycle
59Diagrammatic Representation of Micropropagation.: Micropropagation mostly involves in vitro clonal propagation by two approaches
234Overcoming Self-sterility of Seeds: Seed Testing
60Multiplication by Axillary Buds and Apical Shoots
2355.1.14 Other Applications
61Meristem and Shoot Tip Cultures
236To Study the Evolutionary Relationship
62Axillary bud culture
237To Study Host-Parasite Interaction:
63Multiplication by Adventitious Shoots
238To Study the Mutagenic Effect:
64Organogenesis
2395.1.15 Techniques of Embryo Culture
65Direct Organogenesis
240Surface Sterilization
66Indirect Organogenesis
241Excision of Embryo
67Somatic Embryogenesis
242Embryo-endosperm Transplant
68Direct Somatic Embryogenesis
243Nutritional Requirement
69Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis:
244i) Mineral Salts
70Artificial Seeds from Somatic Embryos:
245ii) Carbohydrates
712.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of micropropagation with respect to commercialization
246iii) Nitrogen and Vitamins
722.3.1 Advantages Of Micropropagation
247iv) Natural Plant Extract
732.3.2 Disadvantages Of Micropropagation
248v) Growth Regulators
742.3.3 Key Points of Micropropagation
249vi) PH of Medium
752.4 Factors Affecting Micropropagation: Factors Affecting in Vitro Rooting
250vii) Incubation Conditions
762.5 Micropropagation Techniques
2515.1.16 Role of Suspensor in Embryo Culture
772.5.1 Micropropagation by Axillary and Apical Buds
2525.1.17 Protocol for Embryo Culture
782.5.2 Micropropagation by Adventitious Shoots
2535.2 Endosperm Culture
792.6 Methods of Micro-Propagation
2545.2.1 The Endosperm: A Mediator of Communication between the Embryo and its Environment
802.6.1 Meristem Culture
255Environmental sensing and responses
812.6.2 Callus Culture
256Signal synthesis and secretion by the endosperm
822.6.3 Suspension Culture
2575.2.2 What Is Endosperm Made Of In Plants?
832.6.4 Embryo Culture
2585.2.3 The Functions Of The Endosperm During Seed Germination
842.6.5 Protoplast Culture
2595.2.4 The Role of Endosperm in Seed Development
852.7 Difference between tissue culture and micropropagation
260Endosperm development and its role in seed development
862.8 Application of tissue culture to different fields
261Structural diversity of the endosperm in mature seeds
872.8.1 Major Agricultural Applications
262A role for the endosperm: supplier of nutrients
88Rapid Clonal propagation
2635.2.5 Gene Expression and Transcriptomes in the Endosperm
89Elimination of pathogens
2645.2.6 Transcriptional Regulators in the Endosperm
90Plant breeding
2655.2.7 Types of Endosperms
912.8.2 Application Of Tissue Culture To Forestry
2665.2.8 Various Types of Endosperm of Flowering Plants
922.8.3 Application of Tissue Culture to Horticulture
2671. Nuclear Endosperm:
93Vegetable Crops
2682. Cellular Endosperm:
94Fruit Crops
2693. Helobial Endosperm:
952.9 Limitations of Micropropagation
2705.2.9 Fate of Endosperm
962.10 Exercise
2715.2.10 Factors Controlling Callus Proliferation And Plant Regeneration
97Chapter 3. Callus Culture and Suspension Culture
272Endosperm at culture
983.1 Plants Callus
273Plant growth regulators and other supplements
993.1.1 Historical Preview
274Physical factors
1003.1.2 Dedifferentiation and Callus Formation
275The embryo factor
1013.1.3 Totipotency and Somatic Embryogenesis
2765.2.11 Shoot Regeneration
1023.2 Callus Culture
2775.2.12 Histology
1033.2.1 Meaning of Callus Culture: Advertisements:
2785.2.13 Cytology
1043.2.2 Materials
2795.2.14 Endosperm Culture: A Novel Method For Triploid Plant Production
1053.2.3 Subculture
2805.3 Exercise
1063.2.4 Nutrient Medium of Callus Culture
281Chapter 6. Somatic Embryogenesis and Artificial Seed Production: Principle, Aspects and Applications
1073.2.5 Brief History of Callus Culture
2826.1 Somatic Embryogenesis. An Overview
108R. J. Gautheret (France) (1934-1937):
2836.1.1 What Is Somatic Embryogenesis?
109P. Nobecourt (France) (1939):
2846.1.2 What is Embryo genic Potential?
110J. Van Overbeck, M. E. Conklin and A. F. Blakeslee (1941):
2856.1.3 Brief Historical Background
111S. M. Caplin and F. C. Steward (1948):
2866.1.4 Principles of Somatic Embryogenesis
112F. Skoog (1954-1955):
2876.1.5 Protocols for Inducing Somatic Embryogenesis in Culture
113F. Skoog and C. O. Miller (1957):
2886.1.6 Importance of Somatic Embryogenesis
1143.2.6 Principles of Callus Culture
2896.1.7 Types of Somatic Embryogenesis: Examples of Somatic Embryogenesis
1153.2.7 Protocol of Callus Culture
2906.1.8 Process of Somatic Embryogenesis: Gene Expression Program in Somatic Embryogenesis
1163.2.8 Nutrient Medium of Callus Culture
2916.1.9 Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis
1173.2.9 Methods of Callus Culture: Carrot Root Culture
292Micro-Propagation Industries:
1183.2.10 Nature of Callus Tissue
293Synthetic Seed Production:
1193.2.11 Measuring Growth in Callus Cultures
294Embryo Cloning
1203.2.12 Significance of Callus Culture: Still, callus culture has got some importance
295Major applications of SE: Use of SE
1213.2.13 Biotechnology Applications of Plant Callus Cultures
2966.1.10 Application of Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants
1223.3 Cell Suspension Culture
297Somatic Embryogenesis is the Preferred Method for In Vitro Propagation of Woody Plants
1233.3.1 Brief History
298Proteomic Analysis of Somatic Embryogenesis in Selected Woody Plants
1243.3.2 Principle of Cell Suspension Culture
299Key Regulatory Genes in Somatic Embryogenesis
1253.3.3 Characteristics of Suspension Culture
300Positive Regulator Genes
1263.3.4 Protocol
301Negative Regulator Genes
1273.3.5 Different Categories of Cell Suspension Culture
302Somatic Embryogenesis Associated Genes in Woody Plants
1283.3.6 Importance of Cell Suspension Culture
3036.1.11 Plant Regeneration By Somatic Embryogenesis
1293.3.7 Growth Measurements
3046.1.12 Factors Affecting the Embryogenesis
130Cell counting
305Chemical Factors
131Cell Fresh and Dry Weight
306Auxins
132Packed Cell Volume
307Gibberellins
133Cell Viability
308Reduced Nitrogen:
134Tetrazolium test
309Other Factors:
1353.3.8 Production Of Secondary Metabolites From Cell Suspension Cultures
3106.2 In vitro somatic embryogenesis
1363.3.9 Adherent Cell Culture vs. Suspension Cell Culture
3116.2.1 Organogenesis Versus Embryogenesis
1373.4 Exercise
3126.2.2 Embryo Maturation And Germination
138Chapter 4. In Vitro Plant Propagation Methods
3136.2.3 Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis
1394.1 Technique for Plant In Vitro Culture
3146.2.4 Synchronization Of Embryo Development
1404.1.1 Micropropagation
3156.3 Production of synthetic seeds or artificial seed
1414.1.2 Somatic Cell Genetics
3166.3.1 Steps followed for Making Artificial Seeds
1424.1.3 Transgenic Plants
3176.3.2 Disadvantages of Artificial Seeds
1434.2 In Vitro Plant Tissue Culture: Means for Production of Biological Active Compounds
3186.4 Similarities and Differences between Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis
1444.2.1 Production Of Biologically Active Compounds
3196.4.1 What is Organogenesis?
145Secondary metabolites
3206.4.2 What is Somatic Embryogenesis?
146Plant-made pharmaceuticals and other bioengineered products
321Difference between Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis
1474.2.2 Plants Employed For The Production Of Biologically Active Compounds
322Definition
1484.2.3 Methods Of Plant Tissue Culture
323Significance
1494.2.4 Improvements In Traditional Culturing Techniques
324Occurrence
1504.2.5 Alternatives To In Vitro Plant Culture
325Hormonal Signal
1514.2.6 Strategies For The Expression Of Plant Biologically Active Compounds
326Result
1524.2.7 Perspectives For Plant Production Of Bioactive Molecules
327Vascular Connection
1534.3 A New Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System for Micropropagation
328Conclusion
1544.3.1 Micropropagation in Semi-Solid Medium
3296.5 Exercise
1554.3.2 Culture in Liquid Media
330Glossary
1564.3.3 Methods
331References
157Extraction of Meristematic Tissues
332Index
158Disinfestations of Explants and Control of Microbial Growth In Vitro Cultures
333A
159Cutting the Explants
334B
160Induction: Culturing the Explants
335C
161Multiplication
336D
162Growth
337E
163In Vitro Pre-Adaptation
338G
164In Vitro Rooting
339H
165Transplanting to Soil and Weaning
340I
166Field Testing of Micropropagated Materials
341L
167Large-Scale Production
342M
1684.4 Micropropagation for Endangered Plant Species
343N
169Micropropagation of Taxus: Micropropagation of Chinese Aloe
344O
1704.4.1 Materials
345P
171Micropropagation of Taxus
346R
172Micropropagation of Chinese Aloe
347S
1734.4.2 Methods for Micropropagation of Taxus
348T
174Establishment of Bacteria-Free Explants of Taxus x Media
349V
175Induction of Multiple Shoots from Bacteria-Free
