6Causes of this Decay.
107Climatic Effects of Draining Lakes and Marshes.
7New School of Geographers.
108Geographical and Climatic Effects of Aqueducts, Reservoirs, and Canals.
8Reaction of Man on Nature.
109Climatic and Geographical Effects of Surface and Underground Draining.
9Observation of Nature.
110Surface and Under-draining and their Effects.
10Cosmical and Geological Influences.
111Climatic and Geographical Effects of Surface Draining.
11Geographical Influence of Man.
112Irrigation and its Climatic and Geographical Effects.
12Uncertainty of our Meteorological Knowledge.
113INUNDATIONS AND TORRENTS.
13Mechanical Effects produced by Man on the Surface of the Earth more easily ascertainable.
114a. River Embankments.
14Importance and Possibility of Physical Restoration.
115b. Floods of the Ardèche.
15Stability of Nature.
116c. Crushing Force of Torrents.
16Restoration of Disturbed Harmonies.
117d. Inundations of 1856 in France.
17Destructiveness of Man.
118e. Remedies against Inundations.
18Human and Brute Action Compared.
119Consequences if the Nile had been Diked.
19Physical Improvement.
120Deposits of the Tuscan Rivers.
20Arrest of Physical Decay of New Countries.
121Improvements in the Val di Chiana.
21Forms and Formations most liable to Physical Degradation.
122Improvements in the Tuscan Maremme.
22Physical Decay of New Countries.
123Obstruction of River Mouths.
23CHAPTER II.
124Subterranean Waters.
24TRANSFER, MODIFICATION, AND EXTIRPATION OF VEGETABLE AND OF ANIMAL SPECIES.
125Artesian Wells.
25Modern Geography embraces Organic Life.
126Artificial Springs.
26Transfer of Vegetable Life.
127Economizing Precipitation.
27Foreign Plants grown in the United States.
128CHAPTER V
28American Plants grown in Europe.
129THE SANDS.
29Modes of Introduction of Foreign Plants.
130Origin of Sand.
30Vegetables, how affected by Transfer to Foreign Soils.
131Sand now carried to the Sea.
31Extirpation of Vegetables.
132Sands of Egypt.
32Origin of Domestic Plants.
133The Suez Canal.
33Organic Life as a Geological and Geographical Agency.
134Sands of Egypt.
34Number of Quadrupeds in the United States.
135Sand Dunes and Sand Plains.
35Origin and Transfer of Domestic Quadrupeds.
136Coast Dunes.
36Extirpation of Quadrupeds.
137Sand Banks.
37Number of Birds in the United States.
138Dunes on the Coast of America.
38Birds as Sowers and Consumers of Seeds, and as Destroyers of Insects.
139Dunes of Western Europe.
39Diminution and Extirpation of Birds.
140Formation of Dunes.
40Introduction of Birds.
141Character of Dune Sand.
41Introduction of Insects.
142Interior Structure of Dunes.
42Destruction of Insects.
143Form of Dunes.
43Reptiles.
144Geological Importance of Dunes.
44Destruction of Fish.
145Inland Dunes.
45Introduction and Breeding of Fish.
146Age, Character, and Permanence of Dunes.
46Extirpation of Aquatic Animals.
147Use of Dunes as a Barrier against the Sea.
47Minute Organisms.
148Encroachments of the Sea.
48CHAPTER III.
149The Liimfjord.
49THE WOODS.
150Coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Holland, and France.
50The Habitable Earth Originally Wooded.
151Drifting of Dune Sands.
51The Forest does not Furnish Food for Man.
152Dunes of Gascony.
52First Removal of the Forest.
153The Dunes of Denmark and Prussia.
53Effects of Fire on Forest Soil.
154Control of Dunes by Man.
54Effects of Destruction of the Forest.
155Artificial Formation of Dunes.
55Electrical Influence of Trees.
156Protection of Dunes.
56Chemical Influence of the Forest.
157Trees suited to Dune Plantations.
57Influence of the Forest, considered as Inorganic Matter, on Temperature.
158Extent of Dunes in Europe.
58a. Absorbing and Emitting Surface.
159Dune Vineyards of Cap Breton.
59b. Trees as Conductors of Heat.
160Removal of Dunes.
60c. Trees in Summer and Winter.
161Inland Sand Plains.
61d. Dead Products of Trees.
162The Landes of Gascony.
62e. Trees as a Shelter to Ground to the Leeward.
163The Belgian Campine.
63f. Trees as a Protection against Malaria.
164Sands and Steppes of Eastern Europe.
64The Forest, as Inorganic Matter, tends to mitigate Extremes.
165Advantages of Reclaiming the Sands.
65TREES AS ORGANISMS.
166Government Works.
66Specific Heat.
167CHAPTER VI.
67Total Influence of the Forest on Temperature.
168PROJECTED OR POSSIBLE GEOGRAPHICAL CHANGES BY MAN.
68INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON THE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR AND THE EARTH.
169Cutting of Marine Isthmuses.
69a. As Inorganic Matter.
170The Suez Canal.
70b. The Forest as Organic.
171Canal across the Isthmus of Darien.
71Wood Mosses and Fungi.
172Canals to the Dead Sea.
72Flow of Sap.
173Maritime Canals in Greece.
73Absorption and Exhalation of Moisture.
174Canal of Saros.
74Balance of Conflicting Influences.
175Cape Cod Canal.
75Influence of the Forest on Temperature and Precipitation.
176Diversion of the Nile.
76Influence of the Forest on the Humidity of the Soil.
177Changes in the Caspian.
77Influence of the Forest on the Flow of Springs.
178Improvements in North American Hydrography.
78The Forest in Winter.
179Diversion of the Rhine.
79General Consequences of the Destruction of the Forest.
180Draining of the Zuiderzee.
80Condition of the Forest, and its Literature in different Countries.
181Waters of the Karst.
81The Influence of the Forest on Inundations.
182Subterranean Waters of Greece.
82Destructive Action of Torrents.
183Soil below Rock.
83Transporting Power of Rivers.
184Covering Rock with Earth.
84The Po and its Deposits.
185Wadies of Arabia, Petræa.
85Mountain Slides.
186Incidental Effects of Human Action.
86Protection against fall of Rocks and Avalanches by Trees.
187Resistance to Great Natural Forces.
87Principal Causes of the Destruction of the Forest.
188Effects of Mining.
88American Forest Trees.
189Espy's Theories.
89Special Causes of the Destruction of European Woods.
190River Sediment.
90Royal Forests and Game Laws.
191Nothing Small in Nature.
91Small Forest Plants, and Vitality of Seed.
192FOOTNOTES: (pt. 1)
92Utility of the Forest.
193FOOTNOTES: (pt. 2)
93The Forests of Europe.
194FOOTNOTES: (pt. 3)
94Forests of the United States and Canada.
195FOOTNOTES: (pt. 4)
95The Economy of the Forest.
196APPENDIX.
96European and American Trees compared.
197FORSYTH'S "CICERO."
97Sylviculture.
198A New Life of Cicero.: LORD DERBY'S "HOMER."
98Instability of American Life.
199The Iliad of Homer.
99CHAPTER IV.
200RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BY EDWARD, EARL OF DERBY.
100THE WATERS.
201Extracts from Notices and Reviews from the English Quarterlies, &c.
101Land artificially won from the Waters.
202AMERICAN NOTICES.
