1Preface
246Inoculation and Inundation
2Chapter 1. Concept of Horticulture
2474.3.2 Microbial Control: Pest and Disease Management
31.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF HORTICULTURE
2484.3.3 Beneficial Nematodes
41.1.1 Horticulture: Definition
249Nematodes for Gardeners
51.1.2 Horticulture: Importance
250How Nematodes Work
6Features and Importance
2514.4 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE PEST MANAGEMENT
7Employment Opportunities in Horticulture
252The Six IPM Program Essentials
8Developer or producer
2534.4.1 Good agricultural practices in plant protection
9Distributors
2544.4.2 Prevention And Suppression Of Harmful Organisms
101.1.3 Horticultural Regions
255Crop rotation; inter-cropping
11Temperate Zones
256Use of adequate cultivation techniques
12Tropical Zones
257Where appropriate, use of pest-resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material
131.1.4 Propagation
258Diseases: Control or Management?
14Seed propagation
259Weed control
15Vegetative propagation
260Field sanitation and hygiene measures
16Apomixis
261Protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms
17Vegetative structures
2624.4.3 Monitoring Of Harmful Organisms
18Layering and Cutting
263Establishment of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)
19Grafting
264Monitoring of the success of the applied pest management measures.
201.1.5 Breeding
2654.4.4 Sustainable Non-chemical Methods of Pest Control
211.1.6 Nutritive Value of Horticultural Crops
266Pesticides as a last resort
221.2 Horticulture Branches and Special Horticultural Operations
267Specific application of pesticides to reduce the impact on human health and the environment
23Pomology
2684.5 Self-Assessment
24Olericulture
269Chapter 5. Fruit Crops and Disease
25Floriculture
2705.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS
26Post-harvest Technology
2715.1.1 Banana
271.2.1 Classification of Vegetable Crops
272Panama Wilt
28Botanical Classification
273Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot, Yellow Sigatoka, Black Sigatoka
29Classification Based on Hardiness
274Anthracnose
30Based on Parts Used for Consumption
275Moko Disease/Bacterial Wilt
31Based on Method of Culture
276Tip-Over or Bacterial Soft Rot
321.2.2 Environmental Control
277Bunchy Top/Curly Top
33Structures
278Banana Bract Mosaic Virus (BBMV)
34Temperature Control
279Banana Streak Disease (BSV)
35Frost Control
280Infectious Chlorosis (CMV)
36Light Control
2815.1.2 Citrus
37Soil Management
282Citrus Scab
38Water Management
283Citrus Canker
39Pest Control
284Citrus Tristeza Disease
401.2.3 Important Horticultural Operations
285Gummosis
41Training: System of training
286Greening or Huanglongbing
42Pruning
287Anthracnose
43Objectives of pruning
288Sooty Mould
44Types of pruning
289Powdery Mildew
45Extent of pruning
2905.1.3 Papaya
46Staking
291Foot Rot of Papaya
47Advantages of staking
292Anthracnose
48Practices for inducing flowering
293Powdery Mildews
49Transplanting
294Papaya Ring Spot Disease
501.2.4 Olericulture and its Importance in Human Nutrition
295Papaya Mosaic Disease
51Possibilities of vegetable cultivation
296Papaya Leaf Curl Disease
52Importance of vegetables in the human diet
2975.1.4 Pineapple
531.3 SELF ASSESSMENT
298Fungi Associated Diseases
54Chapter 2. Crop Production in Horticulture
299Phytophthora Heart (Top) Rot
552.1 BASIC SOIL MANAGEMENT
300Phytophthora Root Rot
562.1.1 Soil Phases
301Base (butt) Rot
57Components of Soil
302Fruitlet Core Rot (Green Eye)
58Soil Mineral Matter (SMM)
303Fusariosis
59Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
304Green Fruit Rot
60Importance: Soil Water
305Inter Fruitlet Corking
612.1.2 Soil Physical Properties
306Leathery Pocket
62Soil Development and Horizons
307Water Blister
63Soil Texture: Mechanical Analysis of Soils
308White Leaf Spot
642.1.3 Soil Structure
309Fruit Rot by Yeast and Candida Species
65Soil Structures
310Nematodes Associated Diseases
66Development of Soil Structures
311Bacteria And Phytoplasmas Associated Diseases
67Structural Stability
312Marbling
68Tilth
313Pink Disease
69Management of Main Soil Types
314Virus Associated Diseases
70Sandy Soils
315Mealybug wilt Disease
71Silts and Fine Sands
316Yellow spot
72Clay Soils
3175.1.5 Cherry
73Peat soils
318Common Cherry Tree Diseases and How to Treat Them
742.1.4 Soil Water
319Black Knot
75Wetting of a Dry Soil
320Brown Rot
76Saturated Soils
321Cherry Leaf Spot
77Field Capacity (FC)
322Cytospora Canker
78Water Tables
323Powdery Mildew
79Drying of a Wet Soil
324Necrotic Ringspot
80Evaporation
325Silver Leaf
81Evapotranspiration
3265.1.6 Grapevines
82Available Water
327Downy Mildew
83Soil water holding capacity: Capillarity
328Powdery Mildew
842.1.5 Soil pH
329Grey Mould
85Color Indicator Method
330Symptoms of virus diseases:
86Changes in Soil pH
331Control
87Effects of soil pH
3325.2 TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS
88Nutrient Availability
3335.2.1 Peach
89Other effects on soil Beneficial
3345.2.2 Peach Fruit Diseases
90Plant Selection
335Brown Rot
912.2 LAND PREPARATION
336Peach Scab
922.2.1 Types of Land Preparation Operations
337Bacterial Spot
932.2.2 Environmental Considerations: Cultural sites
338Peach Leaf Curl
942.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS
339Gummosis
95Range of Cultivation
340Powdery Mildew
96Place of Origin
341Crown Gall
97Botanical/Taxonomical Classification
342Phytophthora Root & Crown Rot
98Commercial Classification
343Oak Root Rot
99Economic/Agrarian/Agricultural Classification
344Peach Tree Short Life
1002.3.1 Intensive Cropping
3455.2.3 Apple
101Method of intensive cropping
3465.2.4 Common Diseases of Apple Trees
102Multiple Cropping
347Apple Scab
103Intercropping
348Fire Blight
104Principles of Intercropping
349Cork Spot
105Types of intercropping based on Interactions
350Powdery Mildew
106Advantages of Intercropping
351Rust
1072.4 FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
352Black Rot and Frog Eye Leaf Spot
1082.4.1 Internal Factors
353Phytophthora Rot
1092.4.2 Environmental Factors
354Crown Rot
110Climatic Factors
3555.2.5 Strawberry
111Precipitation
3565.2.6 Strawberry Plant Diseases
112Temperature
357Angular Leaf Spot
113Atmospheric Humidity (Relative Humidity - RH)
358Anthracnose
114Solar radiation (without which life will not exist)
359Leather Rot Causes Brown Spots on Strawberries
115Wind velocity
360Botrytis Fruit Rot
116Atmospheric gases on plant growth
361Charcoal Rot (also known as Macrophomina)
117Edaphic Factors (Soil)
362Fusarium Wilt
118Soil moisture
363Leaf Blotch
119Soil air
364Mucor Fruit Rot
120Soil temperature
365Rhizopus Fruit Rot
121Soil mineral matter
366Pallidosis-Related Decline
122Soil Organic matter
367Phytophthora Rot
123Soil organisms
368Powdery Mildew
124Soil reaction (pH)
369Verticillium Wilt
125Biotic Factors
3705.2.7 Arid Zone Fruit Crops
1261. Plants
3715.2.8 Natural Enemies of Fruit Crops in Arid Region
1272. Animals
372Praying Mantid (Mantis religiosa)
128Physiographic Factors
373Prey Habitat
129Socio-economic factors
374Description
1302.5 PLANT BREEDING AND CROP IMPROVEMENT
375Zigzag Ladybird Beetle (Cheilomenes Sexmaculata)
1312.5.1 Classical Breeding
376Prey Habitat
132Release/production of variation
377Description
133Select Amongst the Variation
378Strip Lady Bird Beetle (Brumoides Suturalis)
134Stabilizing and Multiplying the Desired Types
379Prey Habitat
135Inbreeders
380Description
136Bulk method
381Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla Carnea)
137Pedigree Method
382Prey Habitat
138Cross-Pollinated (or outbreeding) Crops
383Description
139Open-pollinating Population Cultivars
3845.2.9 Pomegranate
140Mass selection
3855.2.10 Pomegranate Diseases
141Recurrent phenotypic selection
386Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot
142Synthetic Cultivars
387Leaf and Fruit Spot
1432.6 Self-Assessment
388Anthracnose
144Chapter 3. Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Assessment
3895.3 Self-Assessment
1453.1 NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF PLANT DISEASES
390Chapter 6. Vegetable Crops and Disease
1463.1.1 Diseases—A Normal Part of Nature
3916.1 SOLANACEOUS VEGETABLE CROPS
1473.1.2 Definitions of Plant Disease
3926.1.1 Potato Crop Disease
1483.2 FACTORS AFFECTING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
393Bacterial Wilt
1493.2.1 Disease Triangle
394Septoria Leaf Spot
1503.2.2 Pathogen Factors
395Late Blight
151Pathogenesis
396Early Blight
152Saprogenesis
397Common Scab
153Epiphytotics
398Black Scurf/ Canker
1543.2.3 Host Factors
399Viral Disease (Potato Virus X, S, & Y)
1553.2.4 Environmental Factors
400Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd)
156Temperature
401Black Leg and Soft Rot
157Relative Humidity
402Pink Rot
158Soil Moisture
4036.1.2 Tomato Crop Diseases
159Soil pH
404Damping Off
160Soil Type
405Septoria Leaf Spot
161Soil Fertility
406Bacterial Stem and Fruit Canker
1623.2.5 Requirements for Disease Development
407Early Blight
1633.3 DIAGNOSIS OF PLANT DISEASES
408Bacterial Leaf Spot
1643.3.1 Variable Factors Affecting Diagnosis
409Bacterial Wilt
165Symptoms
410Leaf Curl
166Signs
411Mosaic
1673.3.2 Technological Advances in the Identification of Pathogenic Agents
412Tomato Spotted Wilt Disease
1683.4 PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE CONTROL
413Fusarium Wilt
1693.4.1 Exclusion and Avoidance
4146.2 LEGUMINOUS VEGETABLE CROPS
1703.4.2 Eradication
415Legume Diseases
1713.4.3 Protection
4166.2.1 Pea Disease
172Regulation of the Environment
417Downy mildew
173Cultural Practices
418Powdery Mildew
174Regulation of Fertility Level and Nutrient Balance
419Pea Rust
175Handling Practices
420Ascochyta Blight
176Control of Insect Vectors
421White Rot
1773.4.4 Chemical Control
422Root Rot
1783.4.5 Biological Control
423Wilt
1793.4.6 Therapy
424Root-Knot Nematodes
1803.4.7 Host Resistance and Selection
4256.2.2 Cluster Bean
1813.4.8 Variable Resistance
426Disease
182Obtaining Disease-Resistant Plants
427Bacterial Blight
183The Use of Genetic Engineering in Developing Disease-Resistant Plants
428Alternaria Leaf Spot
1843.5 Self-Assessment
429Anthracnose
185Chapter 4. Protection and Conservation of Horticultural Crops
430Powdery Mildew
1864.1 AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES
431Insect Pests
187Using the right tool at the right time
432Termites
1884.1.1 Use of Pesticides: Benefits and Problems Associated with Pesticides
433Jassids, Aphids and White Fly
189Use of Pesticides
4346.3 CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES
190Benefits of Pesticides
4356.3.1 Identification and Control of Crucifer Diseases
191Problems Associated with Pesticides
436Black Rot
192Toxicity for non-target organisms
437Black Leg
193Resurgence
438Club Root
194Development of resistance
439Alternaria Leaf Spot
195The economic problems
440Downy Mildew
1964.1.2 Environmental Effects of Pesticides
441Fusarium Yellows
197Air
442White Rust
198Soil
443Boron Deficiency
199Plants
444Brown Bud
200Animals
4456.4 CUCURBITACEOUS VEGETABLES
201Birds
4466.4.1 Cucurbitaceous Vegetable Diseases
202Aquatic Life
447Downy Mildew
2034.1.3 Types of Pesticides
448Powdery Mildew
204Insecticides
449Cucumber Mosaic
205Miticides and Acaricides
450Cercospora Leaf Spot
206Fungicides
451Fusarium Wilt
207Herbicides
4526.5 MALVACEAE VEGETABLES
208Growth Regulators and Harvest Aids
4536.5.1 Okra
209Rodenticides
4546.5.2 Okra Pests and Diseases
210NematicidesMolluscicides Repellents
455Fungal Infection and Insect Pests Problems in Okra
2114.1.4 Application of Pesticides
456Okra Pests and their Control
2121. Spraying
457Okra Diseases and their Control
213Sprayers
4586.6 BULBOUS VEGETABLES
214(I) Hand Pump
4596.6.1 Onion
215(II) Compression Sprayers
460Diseases of Onions
216(III) Thermal Foggers
461Damping-Off
217(IV) Cold Foggers
462Onion Smut
218(V) Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Sprayers
463Seedling Disorders
2192. Dusting
464Botrytis Leaf Blight
2203. Fumigation
465Downy Mildew
2214. Baiting
466Purple Blotch
2224.2 ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PESTICIDES
467Bacterial Diseases
2234.2.1 Ecological Risk Assessment Process
468Pink Root
224Problem Formulation Phase
469White Rot
225Analysis Phase
470Fusarium Basal Rot
226Risk Characterization Phase
471Neck Rot
2274.2.2 Potential Health Effects of Pesticides
4726.7 Self-Assessment
228Pesticide Toxicity and Exposure
473Glossary
229Acute Toxicity and Acute Effects
474References
230Chronic Toxicity and Chronic Effects
475Index
231Pesticide Signal Words
476A
232Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning
477B
233Harmful Effects of Some Pesticide Families
478C
234Herbicides
479D
235Insecticides
480E
236Cholinesterase Testing
481I
237Exposure and Preventative Measures
482L
238Dermal
483M
239Inhalation
484N
2404.3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND NATURAL ENEMIES OF INVERTEBRATES
485O
241Predators
486R
242Parasitoids
487S
243Pathogens
488T
2444.3.1 Approaches to Biological Control
489V
245Conservation of Natural Enemies
490W
