1Preface
1427.5.2 Examples of Shaming Penalties
21 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control
1437.5.3 Criticisms of Shaming
31.1 Introduction: Crime and its types
1447.5.4 Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming
41.1.1 Violent Crimes
1457.5.5 Shaming and Recidivism
51.1.2 Property Crime
1467.6 Does it Work?
61.1.3 White Collar Crime
1477.7 Restorative Justice: 7.7.1 Does it Work?
71.1.4 Blue Collar Crime
1487.8 Antigang Injunctions: 7.8.1 Does it Work?
81.1.5 Organized Crime
1497.9 Problem Solving Courts
91.1.6 Consensual Crime
1507.9.1 Drug Courts
101.1.7 Crimes Against Humanity
1517.9.2 Domestic Violence Courts
111.2 Criminal law: 1.2.1 Theories of Punishment
1527.9.3 Community Courts
121.3 Incidence of crime
1537.9.4 Teen Courts
131.4 Cost of crimes
1547.9.5 Other Specialized Courts
141.4.1 Cost Estimations
1557.9.6 Does it Work?
151.4.2 Crime Estimates and Policy Cost
1567.9.7 Summary
161.5 What’s worse: fear of crime or the crime itself?
1577.10 References
171.6 Defining the crime
1588 Sentencing
181.7 Solutions or measures of crime control
1598.1 Introduction
191.8 Quantitative or qualitative
1608.2 Non – prison sentence
201.9 Macro and micro level in crime control
1618.2.1 Fines
211.10 Measuring displacement and diffusion
1628.2.2 Forfeiture
221.11 References
1638.2.3 Restitution
232 Crime Control Perspective
1648.3 Types of prison sentences
242.1 Introduction
1658.3.1 Concurrent and Consecutive Sentence
252.2 OPERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: 2.2.1 Due process and crime control
1668.3.2 Suspended Prison Sentences
262.3 SYSTEMS AND NON-SYSTEMS
1678.3.3 Determinate and Indeterminate Prison Sentences
272.3.1 What is a System?
1688.3.4 Life Sentences
282.3.2 Well-oiled Machine or a Dis-organized Mess?
1698.4 Prison Strategies Without Regard to Sentence Length
292.3.3 Funnel model of Justice
1708.4.1 Selective Incapacitation
302.3.4 The criminal Justice Wedding Cake
1718.4.2 Civil Commitment
312.4 POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES
1728.5 Super max prison
322.4.1 Liberals and Conservatives
1738.6 Thinking about Various Types of Offenders: 8.6.1 Crime against a Person
332.4.2 Causes of Crime
1748.7 Determinate Sentencing
342.4.3 Consequences of Crime on Society
1758.7.1 Discretion in the Criminal Justice System
352.4.4 What should be done about Crime?
1768.7.2 Impact on Crime
362.5 Consensus and conflict model
1778.8 Sentence Enhancements
372.6 Other perspectives
1788.8.1 Sentence Enhancements for Guns
382.6.1 Faith and Fact
1798.8.2 Sentence Enhancements for Hate-Motivated Offenses
392.6.2 Crime Control and Revenue Generation
1808.9 Mandatory Sentencing: 8.9.1 Mandatory sentencing a blunt tool for the Drug War
402.6.3 Politics and Ivory Towers
1818.10 Conclusion
412.7 Goals of crime control
1828.11 References
422.7.1 Deterrence
1839 Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions
432.7.2 Retribution
1849.1 Introduction
442.7.3 Incapacitation
1859.2 The organization and Administration of probation and parole: 9.2.1 Common Probation and Parole Condition
452.7.4 Rehabilitation
1869.3 Probation and parole issues: 9.3.1 Caseload Concerns and Crime
462.7.5 Restoration
1879.4 Offender Characteristics over Time
472.8 Summary
1889.5 Are Parolees Equipped to Re-enter Society?
482.9 REFERENCES
1899.6 Consequences to Society of Prisoner Re-entry
493 Traditional Policing
1909.7 Intermediate Sanction
503.1 Philosophy of Increasing the Police Force
1919.7.1 The Net Widening Problem
513.2 Effectiveness from an Increase the Number of Cops
1929.7.2 A Typology of Intermediate Sanctions
523.3 Lessons from the City of Kansas about Crime Rate
1939.7.3 Community Restraints
533.3.1 Misinterpretations about the city of Kansas
1949.7.4 Intensive Supervision Probation
543.3.2 Criticism on the Crime Rate of Kansas City
1959.8 Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring
553.4 The Intellectual debate on the Crime Rate of Kansas City
1969.8.1 GPS Monitoring
563.5 The Violent Crime Control Act of 1994: 3.5.1 Various Provisions
1979.8.2 Structure and Discipline
573.6 Consequences of the Police going on a Strike
1989.8.3 Adult Boot Camps
583.7 De-Policing and the alleged “Ferguson Effect”
1999.8.4 Juvenile Boot Camps
593.8 Thin Blue Line: Is there a Police Presence
2009.9 Hybrid Intermediate Sanctions
603.9 Responsibilities and Effectiveness of Tasks conducted by the Police
2019.9.1 Shock Probation
613.10 Freeing Up of Resources
2029.9.2 Halfway Houses
623.10.1 One versus Two Patrol Officers
2039.9.3 Day Reporting Centres
633.10.2 Application of 311and Patrol Downtime Studies
2049.9.4 Foster and Group Homes
643.11 Reactive Policing and Random Patrol
2059.9.5 Scared Straight
653.11.1 Domestic Violence Arrests
2069.9.6 Does it Work?
663.11.2 Rapid response towards Crime and Random Patrolling
2079.10 Conclusion
673.12 Detective Work and Crime: 3.12.1 The Rand Study and its recent Developments
2089.11 References
683.13 Private Policing
20910 Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control
693.13.1 Private Policing versus Private Security
21010.1 Involvement of Government in Individual and Household Crime
703.13.2 Controversies in Private Policing
21110.2 Guns and Personal Defense (Individual Crime Control)
713.14 Reference
21210.3 Measuring Gun Prevalence
724 Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Recent Advancements
21310.4 How often Guns are used for Self-defense?
734.1 Introduction
21410.5 Debunking the Narrative “Good Guy to the Rescue”
744.2 Proactive Arrests
21510.6 Gun Prevalence and Crime
754.3 Directed Patrol
21610.7 Armed Resistance and Victim Injury
764.4 Stop- Question- and Frisk
21710.8 Risk-Avoidance Behaviors
774.5 Broken Windows and Disorder Reduction
21810.8.1 Characteristics of Victims
784.6 Focused Deterrence: 4.6.1 Group Violence Reduction
21910.8.2 Risk Management Behaviors
794.7 Partnering
22010.8.3 Self-Defense Training
804.8 Technology and Less Lethal Weapons
22110.9 References
814.9 Using Data to Inform Decisions
22211 Crime Control in the Community and in the School
825 Community Involvement in Policing
22311.1 Definition of Community
835.1 Guidelines for better community involvement in policing
22411.2 Community Development and Its Types
845.2 Fixing strained Police-community relationship
22511.3 Social Ecology of Crime
855.3 Three ways to improve the relationship between Police and community
22611.3.1 Poverty
865.4 Procedural justice
22711.3.2 Race Ethnicity and Crime
875.5 President’s Task Force on Twenty First Century Policing
22811.3.3 Race and Inequality
885.6 Community Justice
22911.3.4 Rising Population
895.7 Community policing
23011.4 Financial Assistance to Communities
905.7.1 Organising Neighbourhood Watch Programmes
23111.4.1 Enterprise Zones
915.7.2 Seattle approach to Integrated Community Policing
23211.4.2 Community Development Block Grant
925.7.3 The Hartford Approach to Integrated Community Policing
23311.4.3 Justice Reinvestment
935.8 Community meetings
23411.5 Various Other Methods of Community Crime Control
945.9 Bringing the community to the Police
23511.5.1 Community Mobilizing
955.9.1 Citizen Patrol
23611.5.2 Anti-gang Initiative
965.9.2 Citizen Police Academies
23711.5.3 Youth Mentoring
975.10 Third party policing
23811.5.4 After-School Programs
985.11 Summary
23911.5.5 School-Based Crime Prevention
995.12 References
24011.5.6 Crime in Schools
1006 Crime Control Through Legislation
24111.5.7 Roles of Schools in Crime Control
1016.1 Legislative Bans
24211.5.8 Role of Teachers
1026.1.1 When There’s a Demand, There’s a Supply
24311.5.9 Role of Family
1036.1.2 Legislative ban on smoking in Public Places
24411.5.10 Role of the Classmates and Students
1046.1.3 Total Tobacco Bans
24511.5.11 Role of Government in Crime Prevention
1056.1.4 Effects of Public smoking ban on Businesses in the United States
24611.5.12 Drug Abuse Resistance Education
1066.2 Historical Lessons
24711.5.13 Gang Resistance Education
1076.2.1 Gambling and Prostitution
24811.5.14 Behavior Modification
1086.2.2 Attitude of the Public towards Prostitution
24911.6 References
1096.2.3 History of Gambling
25012 Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation
1106.2.4 Prohibition of Gambling and Prostitution
25112.1 Introduction
1116.2.5 Prohibition of Prostitution
25212.2 A Quick Return to Theory
1126.3 Bans and their Enforcement
25312.2.1 Rational Offenders
1136.3.1 Gun Bans: Ban Specific Guns and Gun Possessions
25412.2.2 Crime Pattern Theory
1146.3.2 Drug Bans: The Scope of America’s Drug Problem
25512.2.3 Territorial Functioning and Defensible Space
1156.3.3 Drug Ban Problems
25612.2.4 The Return of the Broken Windows Theory
1166.3.4 Does it Work?
25712.3 How Environmental Manipulation Occurs?
1176.4 Legislative Gun Control
25812.3.1 Access Control
1186.4.1 Altering Gun Designs
25912.3.2 Surveillance
1196.4.2 Regulating Gun Transactions
26012.3.3 Activity Support
1206.4.3 Denying Gun Ownership to Dangerous Persons
26112.3.4 Motivational Reinforcement
1216.5 The Right-to- Carry Controversy: 6.5.1 Concealed Carry Laws
26212.4 The Effectiveness of Environmental Manipulation
1226.6 Public Notification and Related Laws
26312.4.1 Residential Areas
1236.6.1 Megan’s Law
26412.4.2 Residences
1246.6.2 Legal Issues
26512.4.3 Areas Surrounding Residences
1256.6.3 Effects on Crime
26612.4.4 Comprehensive Approaches
1266.7 Sex Offender Registry Restrictions
26712.5 Life behind the Wall: Gated Communities, Does it Work?
1276.7.1 Punitive Sanctions for Sex Offenders
26812.5.1 Business Gated Communities
1286.7.2 Does it Work?
26912.5.2 Transportation Gated Communities
1296.8 Other Legislative Approaches: 6.8.1 White Collar Crime Laws
27012.5.3 Other Places
1306.9 Anti-terrorism Laws: 6.9.1 Does it Work?
27112.6 Conclusion
1316.10 Summary
27212.7 References
1326.11 References
27313 Putting it All Together and Explaining Crime Trends
1337 Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond
27413.1 Introduction
1347.1 Courts and Incapacitation: 7.1.1 Pretrial Incapacitation
27513.2 Effective Crime Control: 13.2.1 Situational Crime Control
1357.2 Does It Work?
27613.3 Failure in Crime Control
1367.3 Diversion
27713.4 Criminal justice
1377.3.1 Examples of Programmatic Diversions
27813.4.1 Law
1387.3.2 Diversion Evaluation
27913.4.2 Academic Discipline
1397.4 Does it Work?
28013.5 Emerging forms of crime: 13.5.1 Technology in Crime Prevention
1407.5 Shaming
28113.6 References
1417.5.1 A Brief History of Shaming
282Index
