1Preface
773.6 Climate Models
2Chapter - 1 Earth’s Climate System
783.6.1 Types of Models
31.1 Introduction
793.6.2 Model Improvements
41.2 Atmosphere
803.7 Exercise
51.2.1 History of the Earth’s Atmosphere
813.8 Further Readings
61.2.2 Gases in Earth’s Atmosphere
82Chapter - 4 Observed Changes and its Causes
71.2.3 Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere
834.1 Introduction
81.2.4 Causes the Earth’s Climate to Change
844.2 Observation of Climate Change
91.3 Weather and Climate
854.2.1 Changes in Precipitation
101.3.1 Temperature
864.2.2 Sea Level Rise
111.3.2 Rainfall
874.2.3 Observed Effects of Climate Changes
121.3.3 Humidity
884.3 Drivers of Climate Change
131.3.4 Wind
894.3.1 Sunlight Intensity is a Key Component of Climate
141.3.5 Pressure
904.3.2 Sunlight Intensity Affects Global Winds, Precipitation Patterns, and Ocean Circulation Which are all Components of Climate
151.4 Global Ocean Circulation
914.3.3 Regional Climate Patterns
161.4.1 Surface Ocean Circulation
924.3.4 Microclimates
171.4.2 Deep-ocean Circulation
934.3.5 El Niño-southern Oscillation
181.5 El Nino
944.4 Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks: 4.4.1 Feedback Processes
191.5.1 Causes El Niño?
954.5 The Montreal Protocol
201.5.2 The Effects of El Niño on the Weather
964.5.1 Importance of the Montreal Protocol
211.5.3 Effects on Humanity
974.5.2 Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol
221.6 Carbon Cycle
984.5.3 Dual Benefit
231.6.1 Greenhouse Effect for Carbon Cycle
994.5.4 Future Benefits
241.6.2 Climate Buffer
1004.6 Evidence of Climate Changes: 4.6.1 Evidence from Past Climate Change
251.6.3 Carbon Cycles Challenges
1014.7 Exercises
261.7 Exercise
1024.8 Further Readings
271.8 Further Readings
103Chapter -5 Impacts of Climate Change
28Chapter -2 Global Warming: Causes and Effects
1045.1 Introduction
292.1 Introduction
1055.2 Effects of Climate Changes on Living Things
302.2 Basic Concept of Global Warming
1065.2.1 Health Effects
312.2.1 Global Warming Problem
1075.2.2 Malnutrition
322.2.2 Causes of Global Warming
1085.2.3 Human Migration
332.2.3 Difference between Climate Change and Global Warming
1095.3 Socio-economic Impacts
342.3 Effects of Global Warming
1105.3.1 Socio-economic Impact of Tourism
352.3.1 Ocean Warming
1115.3.2 Socio-economic Impact of Business Organizations
362.3.2 Ice Loss
1125.4 Vulnerability Assessment
372.3.3 Climate Change
1135.4.1 Common Approaches to Vulnerability Assessment
382.3.4 Sea Level Rise
1145.4.2 Simulation Studies of Local Scale Vulnerability Assessment
392.3.5 Global Warming Greenhouse Effect
1155.4.3 Sector-specific Local Vulnerability Assessment
402.4 Responses
1165.5 Exercise
412.4.1 Mitigation
1175.6 Further Readings
422.4.2 Adaptation
118Chapter -6 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
432.4.3 Climate Engineering
1196.1 Introduction
442.5 Kyoto Protocol
1206.2 Adaptation Strategy in Various Sectors
452.5.1 Challenges of Kyoto Protocol
1216.2.1 Response Options for Adaptation
462.5.2 Kyoto Protocol Project Mechanisms
1226.2.2 Adaptation Strategies and Approaches in Agriculture Sector
472.6 Politics of Global Warming
1236.2.3 Assessment of Adaptation Strategies for Transport
482.6.1 Global Warming and Energy Policies
1246.3 Mitigation Technologies and Practices
492.6.2 Global Commons used in Economics and Politics
1256.3.1 Industry
502.6.3 Conservative Politician
1266.3.2 Waste
512.6.4 Non-traditional Environmental Challenge
1276.3.3 Energy Supply
522.6.5 International Politics
1286.3.4 Transport
532.6.6 Different Interests and Politicization by Non-country Interested Parties
1296.3.5 Agriculture
542.7 Exercise
1306.3.6 Forestry
552.8 Further Readings
1316.3.7 Carbon Sequestration
56Chapter -3 Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact on Global Warming
1326.3.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
573.1 Introduction
1336.4 Exercise
583.2 Greenhouse Effect
1346.5 Further Readings
593.2.1 Basic Concept
135Chapter -7 Clean Technology and Energy
603.2.2 Mechanism of the Greenhouse Effect
1367.1 Introduction
613.2.3 Factors of the Greenhouse Effect
1377.2 Clean Development Mechanism: 7.2.1 Carbon Trading
623.2.4 Working Process of Greenhouse Effect
1387.3 Examples of Clean Technology
633.2.5 Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
1397.3.1 Biodiesel
643.3 Greenhouse Gases
1407.3.2 Natural Compost
653.3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
1417.3.3 Eco- friendly Plastic
663.3.2 Methane (CH4)
1427.3.4 Hydrogen
673.3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
1437.3.5 Bio-fuels
683.3.4 Fluorinated Gases
1447.3.6 Adaptation Funding
693.4 Climate and the Carbon Cycle
1457.4 Sustainable Energy
703.4.1 The Oceanic Carbon Cycle
1467.4.1 Solar Energy
713.4.2 Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
1477.4.2 Wind
723.4.3 Geological Reservoirs
1487.4.3 Hydroelectric Power
733.5 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
1497.5 Exercise
743.5.1 Concept of Radiative Forcing
1507.6 Further Readings
753.5.2 Calculation of Radiative Forcing
151Glossary
763.5.3 Radiative Forcing and Surface Temperature
152Index
