1Preface
1313.4 INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
2Chapter 1. Introduction to Climate Change
132Components: Advantages
31.1 THE EARTH SYSTEM
1333.4.1 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management at Farm Level
41.2 EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
1343.4.2 Good Agricultural Practices for Nutrient Management
51.3 CAUSE AND EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1353.4.3 Nutrient Management in Crop-Livestock Systems
61.3.1 Natural Causes
1363.5 EXERCISE
7Continental Drift
137Chapter 4. Climate Change Litigation
8Volcanoes
1384.1 WHY CLIMATE LITIGATION MATTERS AS PART OF CLIMATE GOVERNANCE
9The Earth’s Tilt
1394.1.1 Litigation as an Element of Multidimensional Climate Governance
10Ocean Currents
1404.1.2 Role of Court Decisions in Shaping Smaller-Scale Decision Making
111.3.2 Human Causes
1414.2 LITIGATION AS A REGULATORY TOOL: 4.2.1 Regulatory Impact
121.3.3 Earth’s Temperature Is a Balancing Act
1424.3 REGULATORY PATHWAYS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE LITIGATION
131.3.4 The Greenhouse Effect Causes the Atmosphere to Retain Heat
1434.4 CORPORATE RESPONSES TO LITIGATION
14Source and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases
1444.4.1 Drivers of Corporate Climate Action
15Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1454.4.2 Litigation Risk As A Component Of Corporate Climate Risk Management
16Methane (MH4)
1464.5 SECTORAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE LITIGATION RISK
17Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
1474.5.1 Energy
18Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
1484.5.2 Land Use
191.3.5 Effects of Climate Change
1494.5.3 Insurance
201.3.6 Changes in the Sun’s Energy Affect How Much Energy Reaches Earth’s System
1504.5.4 Finance and Investment
21The Role of the Sun’s Energy in the Past
1514.5.5 Law Firms and Other Professional Advisors
22The Recent Role of the Sun’s Energy
1524.6 LITIGATION AND PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
231.4 HUMAN ACTIVITIES CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
1534.6.1 Partisan Politics and Regulatory Responses to Climate Change Litigation
241.4.1 Causes of Greenhouse Gases Activity in Climate Change
1544.6.2 Courts as Sites for Public Debates over Science and Regulatory Scale
251.4.2 Radiative Forcing of Factors Affected by Human Activities : Radiative Forcing from Natural Changes
1554.7 EXERCISE
261.4.3 A Blanket around the Earth
156Chapter 5. The Concept of Water Security
27Solar Irradiance
1575.1 WATER SECURITY
28The Interaction of Human Activity
1585.1.1 Smart Water Security
291.5 GLOBAL WARMING EFFECT
1595.1.2 How does Smart Water Security Work?
301.5.1 Causes of Global Warming
1605.1.3 Why is Water Security Important?
311.5.2 Bases of Global Warming
1615.1.4 Security from Water as a Threat
321.5.3 Current Global Warming Problem
162Threats from floods
331.5.4 Global Warming Awareness
163Threats from droughts
341.6 ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE
164Threats from water pollution
351.6.1 The Observed Climatic Warming
1655.1.5 Security from Inadequate Water Supply
361.6.2 Anthropogenic Climate Influences: The Climate and Climate System
1665.1.6 Water Security: Principles, Perspectives and Practices
371.6.3 The Elements of Detection and Attribution
167Principles
38Internal Climate Variability
168Perspective
39Estimates using Palaeoclimatic Data
169Practices
40Estimates of Spatial Patterns of Variability
1705.1.7 Food and Water Security Solutions
41Variability of the Free Atmosphere
1715.2 WATER SECURITY – CHALLENGES AND NEEDS
421.7 EXERCISE
1725.2.1 Water-related Hazards
43Chapter 2. Global Climate Change and Health
1735.2.2 Groundwater Systems
442.1 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
1745.2.3 Water Scarcity and Quality
452.1.1 Health Impacts of Climate Change
1755.2.4 Urban Water Management
46Direct Impacts
1765.2.5 Ecohydrology
47Indirect impacts
1775.2.6 Responses to Water Scarcity
482.2 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
1785.2.7 Water Education for Water Security
49Temperature-Related Impacts
1795.2.8 Water Cooperation
50Air Quality Impacts
1805.3 EXERCISE
51Increases in Ozone
181Chapter 6. Water Treatment
52Changes in Particulate Matter
1826.1 Water Treatment and Water Use
532.2.1 Impacts from Extreme Weather Events
1836.1.1 Municipal Water Treatment
542.2.2 Vectorborne Diseases
1846.1.2 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use
552.2.3 Water-Related Illnesses
1856.2 SEWAGE TREATMENT
562.2.4 Food Safety and Nutrition
1866.2.1 Primary Waste Treatment
572.2.5 Mental Health
1876.2.2 Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes
582.2.6 Populations of Concern
1886.2.3 Tertiary Waste Treatment
592.2.7 Other Health Impacts
1896.2.4 Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
602.2.8 Recognizing the Complexity of Systems upon Which Life Depends: An Ecological Perspective
1906.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
612.3 CLIMATE CHANGE: OVERVIEW OF RECENT SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS
1916.3.1 Removal of Solids
622.3.1 Potential Health Impacts of Climate Change
1926.3.2 Removal of Calcium and other Metals: Removal of Iron and Manganese
632.3.2 Population Vulnerability and Adaptive Responses
1936.3.3 Removal of Dissolved Organics: Removal of Herbicides
642.3.3 Mechanisms of Climatic Change
1946.3.4 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
65Greenhouse Effect
195Electrodialysis
66Causes of Climatic Change
196Ion Exchange
67Calculations of Climatic Warming
197Reverse Osmosis
68Greenhouse Gases of Concern
198Phosphorus Removal
69Carbon Dioxide
199Nitrogen Removal
70Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
2006.3.5 Sludge
71Halons
2016.4 WATER DISINFECTION
72Methane
2026.4.1 Chlorine Dioxide
73Nitrous Oxide
2036.4.2 Ozone
74Carbon Monoxide
2046.5 NATURAL WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSES: 6.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
75Ozone
2056.6 WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING
762.4 CLIMATE SYSTEM AND GREENHOUSE GASES
2066.7 EXERCISE
772.4.1 Weather, Climate and Climate Variability
207Chapter 7. Water Resources in the Future: Problems and Solutions
782.4.2 Difference between Weather and Climate
2087.1 WATER RESOURCES AND ENERGY: 7.1.1 Water resources in Brazil: Priorities for Governance, Conservation and Recuperation
792.4.3 Small Increase in Average Temperature Leads to Big Changes in Extreme Weather
2097.2 SOLUTIONS TO THE GLOBAL FRESHWATER CRISIS
802.5 EXERCISE
2107.2.1 Educate to Change Consumption and Lifestyles
81Chapter 3. Land Degradation and Climate Change
2117.2.2 Invent new Water Conservation Technologies
823.1 LAND DEGRADATION
2127.2.3 Recycle Wastewater
83Definition
2137.2.4 Improve Irrigation and Agricultural Practices
843.1.1 Soil Types
2147.2.5 Appropriately Price Water
853.1.2 Causes of Land Degradation
2157.2.6 Develop Energy-Efficient Desalination Plants
863.1.3 Farmers’ Concerns
2167.2.7 Improve Water Catchment and Harvesting
873.1.4 Sensitivity and Resilience: What Characteristics Contribute to Sensitivity and Resilience?
2177.2.8 Look to Community-based Governance and Partnerships
883.1.5 Scientific Interpretation of Degradation Compared to Land Users’ Perceptions
2187.2.9 Develop and Enact better Policies and Regulations
893.1.6 Scales of Field Assessment
2197.2.10 Holistically Manage Ecosystems
903.1.7 Levels of Analysis of Degradation
2207.2.11 Improve Distribution Infrastructure
91Mapping of Fields
2217.2.12 Shrink Corporate water Footprints
92Ranking Risks According To Seriousness
2227.2.13 Build International Frameworks and Institutional Cooperation
93Cost-Benefit Analysis
2237.2.14 Address pollution
943.2 SOIL CONSERVATION
2247.2.15 Public Common Resources / Equitable Access
953.2.1 Methods and Techniques of Soil Conservation
2257.2.16 R&D / Innovation
963.2.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration
2267.2.17 Water projects in Developing Countries/transfer of Technology
97Carbon budgets in soil – Inputs and losses of organic carbon
2277.2.18 Climate Change Mitigation
98Soil type Determines the Potential Storage of Organic Carbon
2287.2.19 Population Growth Control
99Climate Determines the Attainable Storage of Organic Carbon
2297.3 THE MAIN CAUSES OF THE WATER “CRISIS.”
100Management Determines the Actual Storage of Organic Carbon in Soil
2307.3.1 Methodologies and Proposals for Solutions and Priorities
1013.2.3 Soil Balance
2317.3.2 Water in Agriculture
102Soil Fertility
2327.3.3 Water and Regional and National Economies
103Compost
2337.3.4 Water and Climate Change
104Taking a Soil Sample
2347.3.5 Water Resources and International Cooperation
105Reading the Soil Test
2357.4 SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS TO WATER SCARCITY: Wastewater Reuse Benefits Community
106Organic Matter (O.M.)
2367.5 EXERCISE
107Phosphorus
237Glossary
108Potassium
238References
109Magnesium
239Index
110Calcium
240Index
111Sodium
241A
112pH
242B
113C. E. C.
243C
114Cation Saturation
244D
115Nitrogen
245E
116Sulfur
246F
117Zinc
247G
118Manganese
248H
119Iron
249I
120Copper
250L
121Boron
251M
122Formula to Determine the Optimum Nutrient Levels.
252N
123Organic Fertilizers
253O
1243.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON LAND DEGRADATION
254P
1253.3.1 Impact by Wind and Water Erosion
255R
1263.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Organic Matter Levels
256S
1273.3.3 Acidification
257V
1283.3.4 Impact on Nutrient Levels
258W
1293.3.5 Acid Sulfate Soils
259Z
1303.3.6 Impact on Soil Structure
