The Life of Jesus Critically Examined
Enriched edition. Challenging Traditional Beliefs: A Critical Examination of Historical Jesus and Biblical TextsBy David Friedrich Strauss
Length56h 25m
About this audiobook
In "The Life of Jesus Critically Examined," David Friedrich Strauss presents a groundbreaking critical analysis of the life and teachings of Jesus, merging rigorous scholarship with a profound philosophical inquiry. Written during the height of the 19th-century movement of liberal theology, this work employs a historical-critical method that unpacks the theological and mythical elements in the New Testament narratives. Strauss's literary style is incisive and thought-provoking, as he boldly challenges traditional Christian perceptions, asserting that many elements of Jesus's life are better understood through the lens of myth and legend rather than literal events, thus setting the stage for modern biblical criticism. David Friedrich Strauss, a German theologian and philosopher, was influenced by the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and empirical evidence. His academic journey, framed by the religious upheavals of his time, enabled him to articulate a vision that questioned established dogmas. His prior works explored the relationship between faith and reason, leading to this critical examination where he sought to reconcile religious belief with modern scientific understanding and philosophical reasoning, making a powerful statement during a period of significant socio-religious transformation. This seminal text is highly recommended for anyone interested in theology, philosophy, or religious studies. Strauss's work invites readers to engage with the complexities of faith, history, and interpretation, offering a valuable perspective on the ongoing dialogue surrounding Jesus's legacy and the nature of belief itself.
In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:
- A succinct Introduction situates the work's timeless appeal and themes.
- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.
- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the era's events and influences that shaped the writing.
- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.
- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the work's messages, connecting them to modern life.
- Hand‐picked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.
- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.
Audiobook details
GenreSpirituality and Religion
Length56 hrs 25 mins
Narrated byListen with 1,000+ voices
FormateBook with Audio
Publish dateNov 5, 2021
LanguageEnglish
Table of contents
1Introduction
86MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS AND CONTROVERSIES OF JESUS.
2Introduction
87DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE FOURTH GOSPEL.
3Synopsis
88CONVERSATION OF JESUS WITH NICODEMUS.
4Historical Context
89THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS, JOHN V.–XII.
5The Life of Jesus Critically Examined
90§ 82. ISOLATED MAXIMS OF JESUS, COMMON TO THE FOURTH GOSPEL AND THE SYNOPTICAL ONES.
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6INTRODUCTION
91THE MODERN DISCUSSIONS ON THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE DISCOURSES IN THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. RESULT.
7PREFACE
92EVENTS IN THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS, EXCLUDING THE MIRACLES.
8INTRODUCTION. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYTHICAL POINT OF VIEW IN RELATION TO THE GOSPEL HISTORIES.
93GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE MANNER OF NARRATION THAT DISTINGUISHES THE SEVERAL EVANGELISTS.
9INEVITABLE RISE OF DIFFERENT MODES OF EXPLAINING SACRED HISTORIES.
94ISOLATED GROUPS OF ANECDOTES. IMPUTATION OF A LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB, AND DEMAND OF A SIGN.
10DIFFERENT EXPLANATIONS OF SACRED LEGENDS AMONG THE GREEKS.
95VISIT OF THE MOTHER AND BRETHREN OF JESUS. THE WOMAN WHO PRONOUNCES THE MOTHER OF JESUS BLESSED.
11ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATIONS AMONG THE HEBREWS.—PHILO.
96CONTENTIONS FOR PRE-EMINENCE AMONG THE DISCIPLES. THE LOVE OF JESUS FOR CHILDREN.
12ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATIONS AMONG THE CHRISTIANS.—ORIGEN.
97THE PURIFICATION OF THE TEMPLE.
13TRANSITION TO MORE MODERN TIMES.—DEISTS AND NATURALISTS OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES.—THE WOLFENBÜTTEL FRAGMENTIST.
98NARRATIVES OF THE ANOINTING OF JESUS BY A WOMAN.
14NATURAL MODE OF EXPLANATION ADOPTED BY THE RATIONALISTS.—EICHHORN.—PAULUS.
99THE NARRATIVES OF THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY, AND OF MARY AND MARTHA.
15MORAL INTERPRETATION OF KANT.
100MIRACLES OF JESUS.
16RISE OF THE MYTHICAL MODE OF INTERPRETING THE SACRED HISTORY, IN REFERENCE FIRST TO THE OLD TESTAMENT.
101JESUS CONSIDERED AS A WORKER OF MIRACLES.
17THE MYTHICAL MODE OF INTERPRETATION IN REFERENCE TO THE NEW TESTAMENT.
102THE DEMONIACS, CONSIDERED GENERALLY.
18THE NOTION OF THE MYTHUS IN ITS APPLICATION TO SACRED HISTORIES NOT CLEARLY APPREHENDED BY THEOLOGIANS.
103CASES OF THE EXPULSION OF DEMONS BY JESUS, CONSIDERED SINGLY.
19THE APPLICATION OF THE NOTION OF THE MYTHUS TOO CIRCUMSCRIBED.
104CURES OF LEPERS.
20OPPOSITION TO THE MYTHICAL VIEW OF THE GOSPEL HISTORY.
105CURES OF THE BLIND.
21THE POSSIBILITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF MYTHI IN THE NEW TESTAMENT CONSIDERED IN REFERENCE TO THE EXTERNAL EVIDENCES.
106CURES OF PARALYTICS. DID JESUS REGARD DISEASES AS PUNISHMENTS?
22THE POSSIBILITY OF MYTHI IN THE NEW TESTAMENT CONSIDERED ON INTERNAL GROUNDS.
107INVOLUNTARY CURES.
23DEFINITION OF THE EVANGELICAL MYTHUS AND ITS DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS.
108CURES AT A DISTANCE.
24CRITERIA BY WHICH TO DISTINGUISH THE UNHISTORICAL IN THE GOSPEL NARRATIVE.
109CURES ON THE SABBATH.
25HISTORY OF THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF JESUS.
110RESUSCITATIONS OF THE DEAD.
26ANNUNCIATION AND BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST.
111ANECDOTES HAVING RELATION TO THE SEA.
27DAVIDICAL DESCENT OF JESUS, ACCORDING TO THE GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF MATTHEW AND LUKE.
112THE MIRACULOUS MULTIPLICATION OF THE LOAVES AND FISHES.
28ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF JESUS.—ITS SUPERNATURAL CHARACTER.—VISIT OF MARY TO ELIZABETH.
113JESUS TURNS WATER INTO WINE.
29SKETCH OF THE DIFFERENT CANONICAL AND APOCRYPHAL ACCOUNTS.
114JESUS CURSES A BARREN FIG-TREE.
30DISAGREEMENTS OF THE CANONICAL GOSPELS IN RELATION TO THE FORM OF THE ANNUNCIATION.
115THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS, AND HIS LAST JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM.
31IMPORT OF THE ANGEL’S MESSAGE.—FULFILMENT OF THE PROPHECY OF ISAIAH.
116THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS CONSIDERED AS A MIRACULOUS EXTERNAL EVENT.
32JESUS BEGOTTEN OF THE HOLY GHOST. CRITICISM OF THE ORTHODOX OPINION.
117THE NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE NARRATIVE IN VARIOUS FORMS.
33RETROSPECT OF THE GENEALOGIES.
118THE HISTORY OF THE TRANSFIGURATION CONSIDERED AS A MYTHUS.
34NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE CONCEPTION.
119DIVERGING ACCOUNTS CONCERNING THE LAST JOURNEY OF JESUS TO JERUSALEM.
35HISTORY OF THE CONCEPTION OF JESUS VIEWED AS A MYTHUS.
120DIVERGENCIES OF THE GOSPELS, IN RELATION TO THE POINT FROM WHICH JESUS MADE HIS ENTRANCE INTO JERUSALEM.
36RELATION OF JOSEPH TO MARY—BROTHERS OF JESUS.
121MORE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ENTRANCE. ITS OBJECT AND HISTORICAL REALITY.
37VISIT OF MARY TO ELIZABETH.
122HISTORY OF THE PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS.
38BIRTH AND EARLIEST EVENTS OF THE LIFE OF JESUS.
123RELATION OF JESUS TO THE IDEA OF A SUFFERING AND DYING MESSIAH; HIS DISCOURSES ON HIS DEATH, RESURRECTION, AND SECOND ADVENT.
39THE CENSUS.
124DID JESUS IN PRECISE TERMS PREDICT HIS PASSION AND DEATH?
40PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS. THE CIRCUMCISION.
125THE PREDICTIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING HIS DEATH IN GENERAL; THEIR RELATION TO THE JEWISH IDEA OF THE MESSIAH: DECLARATIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING THE OBJECT AND EFFECTS OF HIS DEATH.
41THE MAGI AND THEIR STAR. THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT AND THE MURDER OF THE CHILDREN IN BETHLEHEM. CRITICISM OF THE SUPRANATURALISTIC VIEW.
126PRECISE DECLARATIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING HIS FUTURE RESURRECTION.
42ATTEMPTS AT A NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE MAGI. TRANSITION TO THE MYTHICAL EXPLANATION.
127FIGURATIVE DISCOURSES, IN WHICH JESUS IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE ANNOUNCED HIS RESURRECTION.
43THE PURELY MYTHICAL EXPLANATION OF THE NARRATIVE CONCERNING THE MAGI, AND OF THE EVENTS WITH WHICH IT IS CONNECTED.
128THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS ON HIS SECOND ADVENT. CRITICISM OF THE DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS.
44CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE VISIT OF THE MAGI, TOGETHER WITH THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT, AND THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE RECORDED BY LUKE.
129ORIGIN OF THE DISCOURSES ON THE SECOND ADVENT.
45THE PRESENTATION OF JESUS IN THE TEMPLE.
130MACHINATIONS OF THE ENEMIES OF JESUS; TREACHERY OF JUDAS; LAST SUPPER WITH HIS DISCIPLES.
46RETROSPECT. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MATTHEW AND LUKE AS TO THE ORIGINAL RESIDENCE OF THE PARENTS OF JESUS.
131DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELATION OF JESUS TO HIS ENEMIES.
47THE FIRST VISIT TO THE TEMPLE, AND THE EDUCATION OF JESUS.
132JESUS AND HIS BETRAYER.
48HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS.
133DIFFERENT OPINIONS CONCERNING THE CHARACTER OF JUDAS, AND THE MOTIVES OF HIS TREACHERY.
49RELATIONS BETWEEN JESUS AND JOHN THE BAPTIST.
134PREPARATION FOR THE PASSOVER.
50CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN JOHN AND JESUS.
135DIVERGENT STATEMENTS RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE LAST SUPPER.
51APPEARANCE AND DESIGN OF THE BAPTIST. HIS PERSONAL RELATIONS WITH JESUS.
136DIVERGENCIES IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCES AT THE LAST MEAL OF JESUS.
52WAS JESUS ACKNOWLEDGED BY JOHN AS THE MESSIAH? AND IN WHAT SENSE?
137ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE BETRAYAL AND THE DENIAL.
53OPINION OF THE EVANGELISTS AND JESUS CONCERNING THE BAPTIST, WITH HIS OWN JUDGMENT ON HIMSELF. RESULT OF THE INQUIRY INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE TWO INDIVIDUALS.
138THE INSTITUTION OF THE LORD’S SUPPER.
54THE EXECUTION OF JOHN THE BAPTIST.
139RETIREMENT TO THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, ARREST, TRIAL, CONDEMNATION AND CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS.
55BAPTISM AND TEMPTATION OF JESUS.
140AGONY OF JESUS IN THE GARDEN.
56WHY DID JESUS RECEIVE BAPTISM FROM JOHN?
141RELATION OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL TO THE EVENTS IN GETHSEMANE. THE FAREWELL DISCOURSES IN JOHN, AND THE SCENE FOLLOWING THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE GREEKS.
57THE SCENE AT THE BAPTISM OF JESUS CONSIDERED AS SUPERNATURAL AND AS NATURAL.
142ARREST OF JESUS.
58AN ATTEMPT AT A CRITICISM AND MYTHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NARRATIVES.
143EXAMINATION OF JESUS BEFORE THE HIGH PRIEST.
59RELATION OF THE SUPERNATURAL AT THE BAPTISM OF JESUS TO THE SUPERNATURAL IN HIS CONCEPTION.
144THE DENIAL OF PETER.
60PLACE AND TIME OF THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS. DIVERGENCIES OF THE EVANGELISTS ON THIS SUBJECT.
145THE DEATH OF THE BETRAYER.
61THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPTATION CONCEIVED IN THE SENSE OF THE EVANGELISTS.
146JESUS BEFORE PILATE AND HEROD.
62THE TEMPTATION CONSIDERED AS A NATURAL OCCURRENCE EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL; AND ALSO AS A PARABLE.
147THE CRUCIFIXION.
63THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPTATION AS A MYTHUS.
148DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS.
64LOCALITY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS.
149PRODIGIES ATTENDANT ON THE DEATH OF JESUS.
65JESUS AS THE MESSIAH.
150THE WOUND BY A SPEAR IN THE SIDE OF JESUS.
66JESUS, THE SON OF MAN.
151BURIAL OF JESUS.
67HOW SOON DID JESUS CONCEIVE HIMSELF TO BE THE MESSIAH, AND FIND RECOGNITION AS SUCH FROM OTHERS?
152THE WATCH AT THE GRAVE OF JESUS.
68JESUS, THE SON OF GOD.
153FIRST TIDINGS OF THE RESURRECTION.
69THE DIVINE MISSION AND AUTHORITY OF JESUS. HIS PRE-EXISTENCE.
154APPEARANCES OF THE RISEN JESUS IN GALILEE AND IN JUDEA, INCLUDING THOSE MENTIONED BY PAUL AND BY APOCRYPHAL WRITINGS.
70THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. INDICATIONS OF A POLITICAL ELEMENT.
155QUALITY OF THE BODY AND LIFE OF JESUS AFTER THE RESURRECTION.
71DATA FOR THE PURE SPIRITUALITY OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. BALANCE.
156DEBATES CONCERNING THE REALITY OF THE DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS.
72THE RELATION OF JESUS TO THE MOSAIC LAW.
157THE ASCENSION.
73SCOPE OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. RELATION TO THE GENTILES.
158CONCLUDING DISSERTATION. THE DOGMATIC IMPORT OF THE LIFE OF JESUS.
74RELATION OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS TO THE SAMARITANS. HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE WOMAN OF SAMARIA.
159NECESSARY TRANSITION FROM CRITICISM TO DOGMA.
75THE DISCIPLES OF JESUS.
160THE CHRISTOLOGY OF THE ORTHODOX SYSTEM.
76CALLING OF THE FIRST COMPANIONS OF JESUS. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FIRST TWO EVANGELISTS AND THE FOURTH.
161OBJECTIONS TO THE CHRISTOLOGY OF THE CHURCH.
77PETER’S DRAUGHT OF FISHES.
162THE CHRISTOLOGY OF RATIONALISM.
78CALLING OF MATTHEW. CONNEXION OF JESUS WITH THE PUBLICANS.
163THE ECLECTIC CHRISTOLOGY OF SCHLEIERMACHER.
79THE TWELVE APOSTLES.
164CHRISTOLOGY INTERPRETED SYMBOLICALLY. KANT. DE WETTE.
80THE TWELVE CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY. THE THREE OR FOUR MOST CONFIDENTIAL DISCIPLES OF JESUS.
165THE SPECULATIVE CHRISTOLOGY.
81THE REST OF THE TWELVE, AND THE SEVENTY DISCIPLES.
166LAST DILEMMA.
82THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE THREE FIRST GOSPELS.
167RELATION OF THE CRITICAL AND SPECULATIVE THEOLOGY TO THE CHURCH.
83THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.
168Analysis
84INSTRUCTIONS TO THE TWELVE. LAMENTATIONS OVER THE GALILEAN CITIES. JOY OVER THE CALLING OF THE SIMPLE.
169Reflection
85THE PARABLES.
170Memorable Quotes
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