6Municipal Government.
125Strength of German feudalism ; weakness of Lothar II. (1125); the Hohenstau fen (1138).
7Imposts.
126Division of Italy. Progress of feudalism and the republics. Arnold of Brescia (1144).
8Condition of Person.
127Frederick I., or Barbarossa (1152). Fall of Milan (1162). The Lombard League (1164): Peace of Constance (1183).
9The Army.
128Emperor Henry VI. (1190); Innocent III. (1198); Guelf and Ghibelline in Italy.
10Moral and Intellectual Condition.
129Frederick II. (1212-1250); second Lombard League (1226).
11The Christian Church.
130Innocent IV. (1243); Fall of the German power in Italy (1250).
12The Barbarians.
131BOOK VII. THE CRUSADES (1095-1270).
13The Germanic peoples-customs, government, and religion.
132CHAPTER XIX. THE FIRST CRUSADE TO JERUSALEM (1095-1099).
14The Slavs and Huns.
133Condition of the world before the first crusade.
15First Movement of the Barbarians.
134Peter the Hermit; the Council of Clermont (1095), and the first Crusader.
16Division of the Empire at the death of Theo-dosius (395).
135Departure of the great army of Crusaders (1096); siege of Nicæa and battle of Dorylaeum (1097).
17Alaric and the Visigoths (395-419). The Great Invasion of 406.
136The siege and taking of Antioch (1098); defeat of Kerboga.
18Founding of the Kingdom of the Burgundians (413), and the Suevi (419).
137Siege and taking of Jerusalem (1099).
19Conquest of Africa by the Vandals (431).
138Godfrey made Baron of the Holy Sepulchre. Organization of the new kingdom.
20The Invasion of Attila (451-453).
139Second Crusade (1147).
21The taking of Rome by Gaiseric (455). End of the Empire West (476).
140Jerusalem when taken by Saladin; third crusader (1189).
22CHAPTER III. SECOND PERIOD OF INVASION : THE FRANKS, THE OS-„ TROGOTHS, THE LOMBARDS AND THE ANGLO-SAXONS (455-569).
141Fourth Crusade (1201-1204). Foundation of a Frank Empire at Constantinople (1204-1261).
23Second Invasion of the German Barbarians.
142The last four Crusades in the East; the Mongolsof Jenghiz-Khan.
24The sons of Clovis (511-516). Conquest of Burgundy (534), and of Thuringia (530).
143Seventh and eighth Crusades (1248-1270).
25Theodoric and the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy (493-526).
144Results of the Crusades.
26Lombards (568-772).
145The Crusades in Europe. The Teutonic Order (1230).
27Founding of the Anglo-Sax-on Kingdoms (455-584).
146Conquest and Conversion of Prussia, of Livonia, and of Esthonia.
28Theodosius II., Marcian, Leo I., Zeno, Anastasius, Justin I. (408-527).
147Crusade against the Albigenses (1208); Union of Northern and Southern France.
29Justinian I. (527-565). Persian Wars (528-562).
148The Spanish Crusade.
30The Conquest of Africa (534); of Italy (533-553). Acquisitions in Spain (552).
149Decadence of the Caliphate of Cordova in the ninth century, its renewed power in the tenth, and dismemberment in the eleventh century.
31Conquest of Italy from the Ostrogoths (533-553).
150Founding of Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon.
32Acquisitions in Spain (552).
151Taking of Toledo (1085); founding of the county of Portugal (1095): the Cid.
33Justinian's Administration, Code & Digest.
152Invasion of the Almoravides (1086) and the Almohades (1146).
34Justin II. Tiberius II. Maurice & Phocas (565-610). Heraclius (610-741). Steady decline.
153Victory of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). The Moors driven back to the kingdom of Granada. Results of the Spanish crusade.
35Power of Merovingian Franks. New Character of their history.
154CHAPTER XXII. PROGRESS OF THE CITIES.
36Lothaire I. Fredogonda. Brunhilda.
155Origin of the Communal Movement.
37Lothaire II. sole king (643-628).
156Communes properly so called.
38Dagobert I. (628-638).
157Intervention by the royal power. Decline of the Communes.
39Manners and institutions of Germans. Laws of the Barbarians.
158Towns not communal. Beginning of the Third Estate.
40The decline of the Monarchy Mayors of the Palace.
159Development of cities in England and in Germany.
41Mayor Ebroin (660), and Saint Leger; battle of Testry (687).
160Feudal and customary right opposed.
42The hereditary right in lands.
161CHAPTER XXIII. CIVILIZATION OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES.
43BOOK II. THE ARAB INVASION (622-1058).
162Exploration in the East, and the commerce of the Middle Ages.
44Arabia and the Arabs.
163New industries and new plants. Corporations.
45Mohammed.
164Condition of agriculture. Lack of security.
46The Hegira (622). Contest with the Koreishites (624). Conversion of Arabia.
165Intellectual progress; universities, scholasticism; astrology, alchemy, and wizards.
47The Koran.
166National literatures.
48The first elective Caliphs; Conquest of Syria, Persia, and of Egypt (632-640).
167Arts; Ogival Architecture.
49Revolution in the Caliphate. Hereditary dynasty of the Ommiades (661-750). Conquest of Upper Asia (707) and of Spain (711).
168BOOK VIII. RIVALRY BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND. (1066-1453.)
50CHAPTER VII. DISMEMBERMENT, DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ARABIAN EMPIRE (755-1058).
169Louis the fat (1108-1137). William II. and Henry I. (1087-1135).
51Accession of the Aobassides (750), and foundation of the Caliphate of Cordova (755).
170Louis VII. (1137-1180) in France; Stephen and Henry II. (1135-1189) in England.
52Caliphate of Bagdad (750 - 1058). Almanssur. Haroun-al-Rashid. Al-mamun.
171Abuse of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Thomas a Becket.
53Creation of the Turkish Guard. Decline and fall of the Caliphate of Bagdad.
172Conquest of Ireland (1171); The king of France sustains the revolt of the sons of the English king (1173).
54Africa. Fatimite Caliphs (968).
173Philip Augustus (1180) and Richard the Lion - hearted (1189). New character of French Royalty in the thirteenth century.
55Spain. Caliphate of Cordova.
174Strife between Philip Augustus and John Lackland; Conquest of Normandy and Poitou (1204).
56Arabian Civilization.
175Quarrel between John Lackland and Innocent III. (1207); Battle of Bouvines (1214); The great Charter (1215).
57BOOK III. THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE, OR THE ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE GERMAN AND CHRISTIAN EUROPE (687-814).
176CHAPTER XXV. PROGRESS OF THE ROYAL POWER IN FRANCE FROM PHILIP AUGUSTUS TO PHILIP OF VALOIS.
58Pippin of Heristal (687-714).
177Louis VIII. (1223). The regency of Blanche of Castile.
59Charles Martel (714-741). The Carolingian family reorganizes the State and its authority.
178Saint Louis his ascendency in Europe.
60Formation of Ecclesiastical Society; Hierarchy; Power of the Episcopate
179Government of Saint Louis. Progress of the royal authority.
61Monks. Monasteries. Rule of St. Benedict.
180A new political era; Philip III. (1270). Philip IV. (1285). New war with England (1294).
62The Pope: St. Leo; Gregory the Great.
181A new struggle between the Papacy and the State (1295-1304).
63The Papacy frees itself from the sovereignty of Constantinople (726), but invokes the aid of Charles Martel.
182The Papacy at Avignon (1309-1376).
64Pippin the Short (741-768).
183The administration of Philip IV. The reign of his three sons.
65The union of the whole Germanic world under Charlemagne.
184CHAPTER XXVI. PROGRESS OF ENGLISH INSTITUTIONS FROM THE GRANTING OF THE MAGNA CHARTA UNTIL THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1217-1328).
66Wars against the Lombards (771-776).
185Pledges made by the Magna Charter (1215). Henry III. (1216).
67Wars against the Saxons.
186League of the Barons. Provision of Oxford. Parliament (1258).
68Wars with the Bavarians (788), with the Avars (788-796), and with the Arabs of Spain (778-812); the extent of the Empire.
187Edward I. (1272). Conquest of Wales (1274-1284).
69Charlemagne becomes Emperor (800). The result of his wars.
188War with Scotland (1297-1307); Balliol, Wallace, and Bruce.
70Government of Charlemagne
189Edward II. (1307); Parliament's progress
71Literary Revival. Alcuin.
190Preliminaries of the Hundred Years War. (1328-1337).
72BOOK IV. FALL OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE.— NEW BARBARIAN INVASIONS (814-887).
191Battle of Sluys (1340); affairs of Britany; Crecy. (1346) and Calais (1347).
73CHAPTER X. LOUIS THE PIOUS AND THE TREATY OF VERDUN (814-843).
192John (1350); battle of Poitiers (1356). States-General; the Jacquerie; treaty of Bretigny (1360).
74Instability of Charlemagne's Work.
193Charles V. (1364). Du Guesclin; the great companies in Spain.
75Louis the Pious (814-840). His weakness; division of the empire.
194The war with the English renewed (1369); a new system of warfare.
76Revolt of the sons of Louis the Pious.
195Wycliffe ; Wat Tyler and the English king Richard II. (1377).
77Battle of Fontenay (841); treaty of Verdun (843).
196France under Charles VI. (1380-1422); popular insurrections.
78CHAPTER XI. FINAL DESTRUCTION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE (845-887).
197Insanity of Charles VI. (1392); assassination of the Duke of Orleans (1407); the Armagnacs and the Burgundians.
79Internal discords; vain efforts to reconstruct the empire.
198Henry V. re-opens the war with France (1415). The battle of Agincourt.
80Heredity of benefices and offices.
199Henry VI. and Charles VII., kings of France (1422). Joan of Arc (1492-1431).
81Louis the Stammerer (877). Louis III., and Karlmann (879). Charles the Fat (884).
200Treaty of Arras (1435). Charles VII. at Paris (1436). End of the Hundred Years War (1453).
82CHAPTER XII. THE THIRD INVASION, IN THE NINTH AND TENTH CENTURIES.
201CHAPTER XXVIII. INTERNAL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND DURING THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR.
83Norsemen in France.
202Parliament's progress in England.
84The Norsemen in England.
203The English Constitution in the middle of the fifteenth century.
85Norsemen in the Polar regions and Russia.
204France; progress made by royal authority. Formation of a princely feudalism by appanages.
86The Saracens.
205Development of old and new institutions.
87The Hungarians.
206BOOK IX. ITALY, GERMANY AND THE OTHER EUROPEAN STATES TO THE MIDDLE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
88Difference between the ninth century invasion and those preceding.
207CHAPTER XXIX. ITALY, FROM 1250 to 1453.
89BOOK V. FEUDALISM, OR THE HISTORY OF THE KINGDOMS FORMED FROM THE CARO-LINGIAN EMPIRE, DURING THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES.
208Italy after the investiture strife; ruin of all central power (1250). Manfred and Charles of Anjou.
90The struggle between the last Carolingians and the Capetians.
209The principalities in Lombardy, the Romagna and the Marches.
91Accession of Hugh Capet (987).
210The republics: Venice, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa.
92Weakness of the monarchy of the Capetians; Robert 996; Henri I. (1034); Philip I. (1060). The activity of the nation.
211Reappearance of the German Emperors in Italy and return of the Popes to Rome.
93Fall of the Danish dynasty in England (1042). Edward the Confessor. Harold (1066).
212Anarchy; the Condottieri.
94Norman Invasion of England. Battle of Hastings (1066).
213Splendor of Italy in literature and the arts; Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio.
95Revolts of the Saxon aided by the Welsh (1067) and by the Norwegians (1069). Camp of refuge (1072). Outlaws.
214The Great Interregnum (1250-1273). Usurpation of imperial property and rights.
96Spoliation of the conquered people. Results for England and France of this conquest.
215Anarchy, acts of violence; leagues of the lords and the towns.
97CHAPTER XIV. GERMANY AND ITALY (888-1039)—REVIVAL OF THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE BY THE GERMAN KINGS.
216Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273). Founding of the Austrian house (1282).
98Last German Carolingians.
217Adolf of Nassau (1291) and Albert of Austria (1298). Liberation of Switzerland (1308).
99Extinction of the Carolingian Family in German (911).
218Henry VII. (1308). Lewis of Bavaria (1314).
100Election of Conrad I. (911) and Henry the Fowler (919); greatness of the Saxon House.
219The House of Luxemburg (1347-1348); The Golden Bull.
101Otto I., the Great (936), his power in Germany; the drives out the Hungarians forever.
220The House of Austria regain the imperial crown. but with no powers attached (1438).
102Condition of Italy in the tenth century Otto re-establishes the Empire (962).
221CHAPTER XXXI . THE SPANISH, SCANDINAVIAN, AND SLAVIC STATES.
103Otto II., Otto III., Henry II. (973-1024), and Conrad II. (1024-1039).
222Spain from 1252-1453. Crusade suspended.
104Beginning of the Regime.
223Scandinavian States; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway: of minor importance since the Norsemen.
105Reciprocal obligations of the vassal and the lord.
224Slavic States. Poland's power. Russia's weakness.
106Ecclesiastical Feudalism.
225Peoples of the Danube valley; Hungarians.
107Serfs and Villeins.
226Greek Empire. Ottoman Turks, and Mongols of Timour.
108Anarchy and violence, terrible misery of the peasants. Some good results.
227BOOK X. CIVILIZATION IN THE LAST CENTURIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
109Geographical description of Feudal Europe.
228CHAPTER XXXII. THE CHURCH FROM 1270 to 1453.
110CHAPTER XVI. CIVILIZATION IN THE NINTH AND TENTH CENTURIES.
229A new era in civilization foreshadowed.
111Charlemagne's vain efforts in behalf of letters.
230Papacy from Gregory VII to Boniface VIII.
112The Latin language.
231The popes at Avignon (1309-1376); Great Schism of the West (1378-1448).
113The Popular Languages.
232Wycliffe, John Huss, Gerson; Council of Pisa (1409), of Constance (1414), and of Basel (1431); Gallican doctrines.
114Chivalry.
233THE NATIONAL LITERATURES.—THE INVENTIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
115Architecture.
234The Italian and French literatures.
116BOOK VI. THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE (1059-1250).
235The literature of the North. The English, Scandinavian, and German.
117CHAPTER XVII. THE QUARREL OVER INVESTITURES (1059-1122).
236Spanish and Portuguese Literatures.
118Supremacy of the Emperor Henry III. (1039-1056).
237Revival of classical studies.
119Efforts made by Hildebrand to regenerate the Church and to emancipate the Papacy Regulations of 1059.
238Printing, oil printing, engraving, gun powder.
