1Preface
1507.4 Applicability
2Chapter 1. Introduction
1517.5 Technology Development Status
31.1 What is Soil?
1527.6 Summary
41.2 Composition
1537.7 Inquiries
51.3 Soil Texture
1547.8 References
61.3.1 Relative Soil Particle Size
155Chapter 8. Cyclodextrin
71.3.2 Compaction
1568.1 Introduction
81.4 Formation
1578.2 History
91.5 Soil Moisture
1588.3 Applications
101.6 Nutrients
1598.3.1 Drug Delivery
111.7 Soil Organic Matter
1608.3.2 Chromatography
121.8 Uses
1618.3.3 Other
131.9 Classification
1628.4 Structure
141.10 Degradation
1638.5 Synthesis
151.10.1 Desertification
1648.6 Derivatives
161.10.2 Erosion Control
1658.7 Role
171.11 Soil Quality
1668.8 Research
181.12 Soil in Inter-Disciplinary
1678.9 Environmental Applications
191.13 Soil Applications
1688.9.1 Emission Control By Air Filtration
201.13.1 Fertilizer Broadcast
1698.9.2 Wastewater Treatment
211.13.2 Foundations
170Soil cleaning
221.13.3 Underground and Earth-retaining Structures
171Soil washing
231.13.4 Pavement Design
172Intensification of bioremediation
241.13.5 Excavations, Embankments and Dams
173Phytoremediation
251.14 Summary
1748.9.3 Limitations and Concerns
261.15 Inquiries
1758.9.4 Applicability
271.16 References
1768.9.5 Technology Development Status
28Chapter 2. Soil Contamination
177Electrokinetic removal of contaminants
292.1 Causes
178Scheme of hexachlorobenzene, phenanthrene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene
302.1.1 Man-Made Pollutants
1798.10 Safety
312.1.2 Natural Pollutants
1808.11 Summary
322.2 Types of Soil Contaminants
1818.12 Inquiries
332.2.1 Biological Agents
1828.13 References
342.2.2 Agricultural Practices
183Chapter 9. Factors Affecting Biodegradation Of Contaminants
352.2.3 Radioactive Pollutants
1849.1 Introduction
362.2.4 Urban Waste
1859.1.1 Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons : The sites
372.2.5 Industrial Waste
1869.1.2 Bioremediation
382.3 Assessment of soil contaminations
1879.1.3 Factors
392.3.1 Pollution Diffused By Inorganic Pollutants
1889.2 Factors affecting biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
402.3.2 Pollution Diffused By Nutrients And Biocides
1899.2.1 Temperature
412.3.3 Pollution Diffused By Persistent Organic Pollutants
1909.2.2 Soil Characteristics
422.3.4 Pollution Diffused By Soil Acidifying Substances
1919.2.3 pH
432.3.5 Pollution Diffused From Local Point Sources
1929.2.4 Oxygen
442.3.6 Pollution Diffused Through Filtering Functions Of Soil
1939.2.5 Nutrient Availability
452.4 How are people exposed to soil contaminants?
1949.2.6 Microorganisms Number and Catabolism Evolution
462.4.1 Ingesting Through The Soil
1959.2.7 Consortium of Microorganisms
472.4.2 Breathing Volatiles And Dust
1969.2.8 Bioavailability
482.4.3 Absorbing Through The Skin
1979.2.9 Contaminant Characteristics
492.4.4 Eating Food Grown In Contaminated Soil
1989.2.10 Toxicity of End-products
502.5 Sites of special concern
1999.2.11 Moisture
512.5.1 Industrial And Manufacturing Sites
2009.2.12 Organic Matter
522.5.2 Landfills, Junkyards, And Waste Disposal Sites
2019.2.13 Oil Surface And Concentration
532.5.3 Highway Corridors, Parking Lots, Areas Of Heavy Traffic
2029.2.14 Salinity
542.5.4 Household Sites
2039.3 Summary
552.5.5 Former Farmland With The Build-Up Of Contaminants
2049.4 Inquiries
562.6 Prevention and Remediation
2059.5 References
572.6.1 Soil Pollution Assessment
206Chapter 10. Importance of Soil
582.6.2 Reduce Pollutants
20710.1 Introduction
592.6.3 Improve Soil Quality
20810.2 Soil Food Web
602.6.4 Improve Environmental Quality
20910.3 Impact of industrial agriculture over the soil
612.6.5 Policy Recommendations
21010.4 Worth of Soil
622.7 Summary
21110.5 Ways in which soil strengthen plants and trees
632.8 Inquiries
21210.5.1 Root System Support
642.9 References
21310.5.2 Provide Nutrients And Minerals
65Chapter 3. Bioremediation
21410.5.3 Exchange Of Oxygen And Gases
663.1 Principles of Bioremediation
21510.5.4 Protection from Erosion
673.2 Chemical Processes
21610.5.5 Soils Protecting Marine Coastlines
683.3 Aerobic
21710.5.6 Filtering Properties Of Soil
693.4 Anaerobic
21810.5.7 Water Storage
703.5 Heavy Metals: 3.5.1 Adding Essentials
21910.5.8 Decomposition Of Organic Materials
713.6 Marine Oil Spills—Preparedness and Countermeasures
22010.5.9 Soil Recycling Process
723.7 Classifications
22110.6 Importance to humans
733.8 Mechanisms
22210.6.1 Foundation for Construction
743.9 Limitations of Bioremediation
22310.6.2 Raw Materials
753.10 Example of Bioremediation
22410.6.3 Food
763.11 Advantages of Bioremediation
22510.7 Importance to animals
773.12 Summary
22610.8 Soil and the ecosystem
783.13 Inquiries
22710.8.1 Modifying Temperature For Roots
793.14 References
22810.8.2 Regulating Carbon Cycles
80Chapter 4. Microorganisms
22910.8.3 Natural Filtration System
814.1 The Start
23010.8.4 Water Cycle And Soil
824.2 Factors affecting microbial bioremediation
23110.9 Conservation of soil and contaminant prevention
834.2.1 Biological Factors
23210.10 Summary
844.2.2 Environmental Factors
23310.11 Inquiries
854.2.3 Availability Of Nutrients
23410.12 References
864.2.4 Temperature
235Chapter 11. Conservation and Prevention
874.2.5 Concentration Of Oxygen
23611.1 Introduction
884.2.6 Moisture Content
23711.2 Conservation methods
894.2.7 pH
23811.2.1 Contour Farming
904.2.8 Site Characterization And Selection
23911.2.2 Terrace Farming
914.2.9 Metal Ions
24011.2.3 No-Till Farming
924.2.10 Toxic Compounds
24111.2.4 Organic Farming
934.3 Principle of bioremediation
24211.2.5 Restore Wetlands
944.4 The advantage of Bioremediation
24311.2.7 Planting Buffer Strips Along Stream Banks
954.5 The disadvantage of Bioremediation
24411.2.8 Windbreaks
964.6 Types of bioremediation
24511.2.9 Use Rain Barrels
974.6.1 Bio-stimulation
24611.2.10 Proper Waste Disposal And Management
984.6.2 Bio-attenuation [Natural Attenuation]
24711.3 Preventions
994.6.3 Bioaugmentation
24811.3.1 Cleanup
1004.6.4 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)
24911.3.2 Green Agriculture
101Advantage of GEMs in bioremediation:
25011.3.3 Sustainable Forest Management
102Disadvantage of GEMs in bioremediation:
251Legal policy and institutional framework
1034.6.5 Bioventing
252Socio-economic functions of forest
1044.6.6 Biopiles
253Productive functions of forest resources
1054.7 Summary
254Protective functions of forest resources
1064.8 Inquiries
255Forest health and vitality
1074.9 References
256Forest biological diversity
108Chapter 5. In Situ Techniques
257Extent of forest resources
1095.1 Introduction
25811.3.4 Proper Waste Disposal
1105.2 Biosparging
259Solid Waste Disposal and Management
1115.3 Bioventing
260Proper Waste Disposal
1125.4 Bioaugmentation
261Maintain Environmental Cleanliness
1135.5 Bio-piling
262Improve Community Health Standards
1145.6 History
263Support a More Sustainable Lifestyle
1155.7 Classifications of In-situ Bioremediation
26411.3.5 Benefits of Proper Waste Disposal
1165.7.1 Accelerated
265Public Health Preservation
117Raymond Process: Oxygen Injection
266Economic Advantages
1185.7.2 Accelerated Anaerobic In-situ Bioremediation
267Environmental Protection
1195.8 Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)
268Reduces Wasted Energy
1205.9 Uses of In-situ bioremediation
26911.3.6 The “ 3 R’s ”
1215.9.1 Hydrocarbon Degradation
27011.4 Effective ways to increase soil fertility
1225.9.2 Chlorinated Compounds
27111.4.1 Soil Testing
123Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds
27211.4.2 Soil pH and Lime
124Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
27311.4.3 Target Index 3 for P and K
1255.10 Benefits
27411.4.4 Slurry and Manure
1265.11 Summary
27511.4.5 Nutrient Balance
1275.12 Inquiries
27611.4.6 Use of Nitrogen
1285.13 References
27711.5 Summary
129Chapter 6. Ex Situ Techniques
27811.6 Inquiries
1306.1 Introduction
27911.7 References
1316.2 The beginning
280Glossary
1326.2.1 Contaminations Affecting The Earth
281Index
1336.2.2 Impacts of PAH
282A
1346.3 Bioavailability of contaminants
283B
1356.3.1 Pore Water Hypothesis
284C
1366.3.2 Sequestration
285D
1376.4 Surfactants: bioavailability enhancers
286E
1386.5 Ex situ bioremediation techniques
287F
1396.5.1 Biopile
288H
1406.5.2 Windrows
289I
1416.5.3 Bioreactor
290M
1426.5.4 Land Farming
291N
1436.6 Summary
292P
1446.7 Inquiries
293R
1456.8 References
294S
146Chapter 7. Surfactant Enhanced Solutions
295T
1477.1 Introduction
296U
1487.2 Uses
297W
1497.3 Limitations and Concerns
