1Preface
1514.3.4 Protecting Photosynthesis during Water Stress
2Chapter 1. Stress Tolerance in Plants
1524.4 Self-Assessment
31.1 Plant Stress: Acclimation, and Adaptation
153Chapter 5. Cold Stress in Plants
41.1.1 Plants Respond to Stress in Several Different Ways
1545.1 Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants
51.1.2 Adaptation and Phenotypic Plasticity
1555.1.1 Cold Stress and Physiological Responses in Plants
61.1.3 Imbalances of Abiotic Factors have Primary and Secondary Effects on Plants
1565.1.2 Sensing Of Cold Signals In Plants
71.1.4 The Light-dependent Inhibition of Photosynthesis
157The cell membrane fluidity hypothesis
81.2 Tolerance through Temperature Stress
158Calcium channels
91.2.1 Temperature Stress Effect on Membranes and Enzymes
159Phytochrome
101.2.2 Temperature Stress Inhibit Photosynthesis
1605.1.3 Messenger Molecules involved in Cold Signal Transduction
111.2.3 Freezing Temperatures: Cause ice Crystal Formation and Dehydration
1615.1.4 Cold and Freezing Impact in Plants
121.3 Imbalances in Soil Minerals: 1.3.1 High Cytosolic Na+ and Cl- Denature Proteins and Destabilize Membranes
1625.2 Cold Stress Tolerance Changes in Crop Plants
131.4 Mechanisms against Environmental Stress: Developmental and Physiological
1635.2.1 Morpho-Physiological Basis of Cold Tolerance
141.4.1 Phenotypic Changes in Leaf Structure and Behavior
164Increased Chlorophyll Accumulation
151.4.2 Plants can Regulate Stomatal Aperture in Response to Dehydration Stress
165Reduced Sensitivity of Photosynthesis
161.4.3 Plants adjust Osmotically to Drying soil by Accumulating Solutes
1665.2.2 Improved Germination
171.4.4 Phytochelatins Chelate certain Ions, Reducing their Reactivity and Toxicity
1675.2.3 Mechanisms for Understanding Tolerance to Cold Injury
181.4.5 Many plants have the Capacity to Acclimate to Cold Temperature
1685.2.4 Key Players Involved in Cold Responsive Pathways
19Plants Survive Freezing Temperatures by Limiting ice Formation
1695.2.5 Prospects of Cold Tolerant Genes in Hill Agriculture
20Cold-resistant Plants tend to have Membranes with more Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1705.3 Evaluation of Responsiveness in Cold Resistance
211.4.6 A Large Variety of Heat Shock Proteins can be induced by Different Environmental Conditions
1715.3.1 Freezing Injury and Tolerance Mechanisms
221.5 Water Stress: Persistent Threat to Plant Survival
1725.3.2 Cold Responsive Pathways and the Players Involved
231.5.1 Water Stress Leads to Membrane Damage
1735.4 Self-Assessment
241.5.2 Photosynthesis is Particularly Sensitive to Water Stress
174Chapter 6. Heat Stress
251.5.3 Stomata Respond to Water Deficit
1756.1 Responses of Plants and Crops to Heat Stress
261.6 Water Deficit and Drought Resistance
1766.1.1 Growth and Development
271.6.1 Drought Resistance Strategies Vary with Climatic or Soil Conditions
1776.1.2 Heat Stress as an Important Factor
281.6.2 Decreased Leaf Area Is an Early Adaptive Response to Water Deficit
1786.1.3 Responses of Plants against Temperature
291.6.3 Water Deficit Stimulates Leaf Abscission
1796.1.4 Osmotic and Oxidative Stresses
301.6.4 Water Deficit Enhances Root Extension into Deeper, Moist Soil
1806.1.5 Hormonal Regulation
311.6.5 Water Deficit Increases Wax Deposition on the Leaf Surface
1816.1.6 Molecular Regulation
321.6.6 Water Deficit Alters Energy Dissipation from Leaves
1826.2 Impacts of Heat Stress and Increased Soil Temperature on Plant
331.6.7 Osmotic Stress Induces Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Some Plants
1836.2.1 Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Plants
341.7 Heat Stress and Heat Shock
1846.2.2 Subject-Matter of High Temperature Stress: Effects of High Temperature Stress
351.7.1 At High Temperatures, Photosynthesis Is Inhibited before Respiration
1856.3 Heat Stress Responses and Thermo Tolerance
361.7.2 Heat-Shock Proteins (HSPs):
1866.3.1 Heat Sensing by Plants
371.8 Chilling and Freezing
1876.3.2 Heat–stress Threshold
381.8.1 ICE Crystal Formation and Protoplast Dehydration Kill Cells
1886.3.3 Cell Membrane Thermostability
391.8.2 Woody Plants Acclimate to Very Low Temperatures
1896.3.4 Metabolic Reactions and Internal Conductance to CO2
401.9 Improvement by Salinity Stress
190Photosynthesis
411.9.1 Salt Accumulation in Soils Impairs Plant Function and Soil Structure
191Internal conductance to CO2
421.9.2 Advances in Plant Tolerance to Salinity
192Heat stress–in duced impairment of chlorophyll biosynthetic reactions
431.10 Oxygen Deficiency
1936.3.5 Mechanisms of Thermotolerance
441.10.1 Anaerobic Microorganisms Are Active in Water-Saturated Soils
1946.3.6 Heat–Inducible Transcription Factor
451.10.2 Roots Are Damaged in Anoxic Environments
1956.3.7 “Omics” Technologies
461.10.3 Damaged O2-Deficient Roots Injure Shoots
1966.3.8 Crop Biotechnology In Global Climate Change
471.10.4 Submerged Organs Can Acquire O2 through Specialized Structures
1976.4 Self-Assessment
481.10.5 Most Plant Tissues Cannot Tolerate Anaerobic Conditions
198Chapter 7. oil Salinity Stress in Plant
491.11 Self-Assessment
1997.1 General Aspects of Plant Salt Stress
50Chapter 2. Abiotic Stresses in Plants
200Urban salinity
512.1 Concept of Abiotic Stresses
201Signs of urban salinity
522.1.1 Crop Plants and Abiotic Stresses
202Avoiding urban salinity
53Cold
2037.1.1 Identifying Salinity
54Salt
204Indicators of salinity
55Drought
205Changes in vegetation
56Heat
206Evaluating changes in salinity
57Toxin
207Factors contributing to salinity
582.1.2 Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
208Susceptible landscapes
59Complexed stresses by osmoticum, dehydration and salinity
2097.1.2 Impacts of Salinity
60Anaerobiosis/anoxia
210Agricultural production
61Heavy metal
211Water quality
62Heat and Cold
212Ecological health of streams
63Shading
213Terrestrial biodiversity
64UV - B
214Soil erosion
65Oxidative stress
215Flood risk
66Perspectives and strategies for improving tolerance
216Infrastructure and fixtures
672.1.3 Tailoring a Response to a Particular Stress Situation
217Irrigation
682.2 Types of Abiotic Stresses
218The risks
692.2.1 Drought Stress
219How to avoid
702.2.2 Salinity Stress : Effects of salinity on plants
220Social
712.2.3 Heat Stress
221Costs of salinity
72Signs of Heat Stress
222Repair and maintenance
73Preventative Strategies
223Decrease in income or benefits
74Treating Heat Stress
2247.2 Biotechnology with Salinity for Coping in Problem Soils
75Drought vs. Heat Stress
2257.2.1 Mechanism of Salt Tolerance
76Physiological Responses to Heat and Drought Stresses
226Salt exclusion
772.2.4 Metal Stress
227Salt excretion/extrusion
782.2.5 Extreme Temperature Stress (hot/cold)
228Salt Dilution
792.3 Effect of Abiotic Stress on Crops
229Compartmentation of ions
802.3.1 Drought Effect on Crops
2307.2.2 Salt Tolerance in Crop Plants
812.3.2 Salinity Effect On The Crops
2317.2.3 Development of Salt-Tolerant Crops by Conventional Breeding
822.3.3 Cold Effect On The Crops
2327.2.4 Engineering Salt-Tolerant Crops by Genetic Modification
832.3.4 Heat Effect On The Crops
2337.2.5 Preventing and Managing Salinity
842.3.5 Heavy Metal
234Assessing Salinity Risk
852.4 Defenses against Abiotic Stresses
235Methods of Prevention
862.4.1 Cuticle
236Testing and Monitoring Salinity
872.4.2 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
237Units
882.4.3 Reactive Species Scavengers
238Managing Salinity
892.4.4 Reactive Oxygen Species
2397.2.6 Role of Potassium in Salinity Stress
902.4.5 Reactive Carbonyl Species
2407.3 Mechanisms of Plant Responses and Adaptation to Soil Salinity
912.4.6 Molecular Chaperones
2417.3.1 Physiological Responses to Salt Stress
922.4.7 Compatible Solutes
2427.3.2 Salinity and Oxidative Stress
932.5 Water Use and Agronomic Management
2437.4 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance
942.5.1 Developing Drought Tolerant Crops
2447.4.1 Ion Homeostasis and Salt Tolerance
952.5.2 Plant Drought Tolerance Mechanisms
2457.4.2 Compatible Solute Accumulation and Osmotic Protection
962.5.3 Genetic Engineering Drought Tolerant Plants
2467.4.3 Antioxidant Regulation of Salinity Tolerance
97Genetic Manipulation of the Stress Response to Abscisic Acid (ABA)
2477.4.4 Roles of Polyamines in Salinity Tolerance
98ABA-Independent Gene Regulation to Drought Stress
2487.4.5 Roles of Nitric Oxide in Salinity Tolerance
992.6 Self-Assessment
2497.4.6 Hormone Regulation of Salinity Tolerance
100Chapter 3. Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Management
2507.5 Self-Assessment
1013.1 The Effect of Climate Change on Abiotic Plant Stress
251Chapter 8. Flood Stress
1023.1.1 Abiotic Stressors Affection in Plants
2528.1 Plants and Flooding Stress: 8.1.1 Response and Adaptation by Plants to Flooding Stress
103Temperature
2538.2 Flooding Stress: Effects and Responses
104Drought and rainfall pattern
2548.2.1 Detrimental Effects of Flooding Stress on Metabolism
105Waterlogging/flooding
2558.2.2 Adaptive Responses to Flooding Stress
106Salinity
2568.3 Flooding Stress in Plants and Approaches To Overcome
1073.1.2 Plant Responses and Abiotic Stress Effect
2578.3.1 Impact of Flooding
1083.1.3 Abiotic Stress Management Approach
2588.3.2 Mechanisms Underlying Flood Tolerance
1093.2 Abiotic Stress Responses and Mitigation in Plants
259Shift in Metabolism
1103.2.1 How Do Abiotic Stresses Affect Plants?
260Antioxidative
1113.2.2 Physiological and Molecular Responses of Plants against Stresses
261Heat Shock Transcription Factors
1123.2.3 Microbe-Mediated Mitigation of Abiotic Stresses
262Osmoprotectants
1133.2.4 Multi-Omics Approaches to Address Alleviation of Abiotic Stress
2638.3.3 Role of Metabolomics in Flood Tolerance
1143.2.5 Genomics
2648.3.4 Metabolomic Resources
1153.2.6 Metagenomics
2658.4 Improving Flooding Tolerance of Crop Plants
1163.2.7 Transcriptomics
2668.4.1 Plant Responses to Flooding
1173.2.8 Proteomics
267Avoidance of Oxygen Deficiency by Morphological Modifications
1183.2.9 Metabolomics
268Adaptation to Oxygen Deficiency by Metabolic Modifications
1193.3 Self-Assessment
269Tolerance Traits for Flooding Survival and Their Usage in Breeding
120Chapter 4. Drought Stress in Plants
2708.4.2 Waterlogging Tolerance of Maize and Teosinte
1214.1 Effect of Drought Stress and its Mechanism in Plants
271Morphological Adaptations of Teosinte as Tolerance Traits
1224.1.1 Understanding Drought by Plants
272QTL Analyses of Maize Cultivars with Contrasting Flooding Tolerance
1234.1.2 Physiological Drought Stress
2738.4.3 Waterlogging Tolerance of Barley and Other Hordeum Species
1244.1.3 Molecular Responses to Drought
274Morphological Adaptations in Hordeum Genotypes
1254.1.4 Water Scarcity and Drought Resistance : Drought without Water Scarcity
275Root Ion Transport as a Tolerance Trait
1264.1.5 A Primary Response to Water Deficit Reduced Leaf Area
2768.4.4 Analysis of Waterlogging Tolerance in Wheat
1274.1.6 Water Deficiency Stimulates Leaf Abscission
277Variation in Wheat Waterlogging Tolerance
1284.1.7 Effects of Drought Stress on Plant Activities
278Can Related Species be Used to Improve Wheat Waterlogging Tolerance?
1294.1.8 Mechanisms of Resistance to Drought : Drought Stress in Germination Stage
2798.5 Self-Assessment
1304.1.9 Drought Stress in Vegetative Stage
280Glossary
1314.1.10 Photosynthesis
281References
1324.1.11 Hormonal Regulation
282Index
1334.1.12 Transpiration And Stomatal Conductance
283A
1344.1.13 Root Morphology
284C
1354.1.14 Osmotic Adjustment
285D
1364.1.15 Source-Sink Relationships
286E
1374.2 Impact of Drought in Plant Metabolism
287F
1384.2.1 Influence of Drought Stress on Plant Performances
288G
1394.2.2 Drought Stress and Plant Growth
289H
1404.2.3 Drought Stress and Photosynthesis
290I
1414.2.4 Drought Stress and Antioxidant Defense System
291M
1424.2.5 Drought Stress and Secondary Metabolites
292O
1434.2.6 Drought Stress and Mineral Nutrition
293P
1444.2.7 Drought Stress to Increase Crop Tolerance
294R
1454.2.8 Morphological and Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in Drought Tolerance
295S
1464.2.9 Molecular and Phytohormone-Mediated Signaling Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance
296T
1474.3 Stomatal Signaling during Water Stress
297U
1484.3.1 Membrane Transport and ABA Signaling in Stomatal Responses
298V
1494.3.2 Transcription Factors
299W
1504.3.3 Early Water Stress Response and Signal Transduction Pathways
